Parasites and Parasitic Diseases of Sheep. 19 
the infection. They sneeze frequently and often show symptoms of 
difficult breathing. The eyes become inflamed, as would be expected 
in connection with an inflammation of the nostrils, the head is often 
carried low or may be moved about in a peculiar manner as though 
the sheep were trying to rid themselves of an obstruction in the head, 
the appetite is diminished, or at least the sheep eat less owing to 
distraction from pain and difficult breathing, and in severe cases the 
animals may have convulsions and ultimately die. 
Treatment.—The treatment for this condition is not very satisfac- 
tory and dependence should be placed on preventive measures, which 
are, fortunately, of a comparatively simple sort and easily applied. 
One of the measures which has been advocated in the way of treat- 
ment is to put the sheep in an inclosure on hard ground or on a 
floor of some sort which has been sprinkled with lime, and to mill 
them around so as to stir up the lime and cause violent sneezing, 
in the hope of expelling the grubs in this manner. This may remove 
some grupos from their position in the nostrils, but it can have no 
effect on those in the sinuses and will by no means remove all those 
in the nostrils. Attempts have been made to kill or remove grubs 
by putting the sheep in a room with burning sulphur, some person 
remaining there as long as possible to test the strength of the fumes. 
This is dangerous to the sheep and the operator and can not be 
recommended, especially since it is not very successful. In the case 
of particularly valuable animals which are seriously affected, the 
sinuses may be opened with a trephine and the grubs extracted with 
forceps. Sheep tolerate the operation well enough, but the operation 
is one that is suitable only for trained and skilled operators and 
should be done by a competent veterinarian. If the sheep is not 
worth the cost of such an operation, it should be sent to the butcher 
before the progress of the disease has rendered the animal unfit 
for food. 
Prevention.—Smearing the nose of the sheep with a preparation 
that will prevent the fly from depositing its larvee successfully on the 
nostril has been found to be a very satisfactory preventive measure 
and is one that is extensively practiced. Various preparations have 
been used, such as equal parts of tar and grease, of tar and fish oil, 
or of tar and whale oil; but the use of pine tar alone seems to be 
quite satisfactory. It is advisable to apply the tar by hand, at least 
the first time, and to make sure that it is applied liberally to the 
entire margins of the nostrils. The application may be renewed by 
hand later, as often as necessary, or may be automatically renewed 
by using a salt lick consisting of a thick plank or split log in which 
holes, 2 inches in diameter, are bored, with salt placed in the holes 
and the edges of the holes heavily tarred, so that the sheep get the 
tar on their nostrils as they lick the salt. 
