Insects of Shade Trees and Their Control. vial 
burrow the whitish grub (fig. 50, a) with brown jaws that did the 
damage. 
Seasonal history and habits—The grub above referred to passes 
the winter in the fallen twig and changes to a pupa early next spring, 
unless this change has taken place late in the fall, which happens not 
infrequently. A little later in the spring the pupe change to adult 
beetles (fig. 50, &), which begin emergence from the wood about June 
and remain aheond all summer, laying their eggs in July in the 
smaller twigs of, preferably, oak, but also 
of maple and other trees. The eggs hatch 
into grubs, which tunnel and sever the Mes 
twig. ge Se WS: 
Remedy.—As the fallen branches 
usually contain the destructive insect in 
one form or another, gathering and burn- 
ing them before emergence is the most 
logical and the simplest means of con- 
trolling the pest. 
TWIG GIRDLERS.” 
How injurious.—Trees are often found 
with numerous twigs lying on the ground 
beneath them or still hanging, dead. 
The larger ends of such twigs show evi- 
dence of having been cut off, and at some 
place in the burrow running the length 
of them the architect of the burrow may ,,, =) ae Fe rieamtnah te 
be found. Among shade and grove trees, pruner: a, Larva; }, adult; 
hickory, persimmon, elm, poplar, sour aie Pile a yeh Al gas 
gum, basswood, honey locust, dogwood in ei ae 
the East and South, and huisache, mesquite, and acacias in the South- 
west, are subject to this injury. This is the work of beetles Known as 
twig-girdlers, and may become so prevalent as to deform trees badly. 
Young hickory trees are frequently cut off near the ground. The 
hickory twig-girdler *? in the East, the pecan twig-girdler** in the 
South, and the huisache girdler ** in the Southwest, are the insects 
involved. 
Character of work and habits of the insects—In late summer or 
early fall these beetles appear and often feed on the thin bark before 
laying the eggs. The adult female girdles branches of the host tree 
by cutting a circular incision through the bark and deep into the 
wood. The twigs so girdled vary from } to 14 inches in diameter. In 
these twigs ie eggs are deposited in a small scar gnawed through 
41 Oncideres spp. 40. terana Horn. 
“ Oncideres cingulata Say. 440. putator Thom, 
