Insects of Shade Trees and Their Control. 99 
Borers. 
(1) Smaller twigs wilting, strings of frass dangling from holes in bark, 
worm in burrows vivid reddish-white, greenish beneath____-_.~--__-___ 
Carpenter worm, p. 69. 
(2) Twigs wilt and break off; bark splits open, showing ugly scars; 
chips and matted excrement at entrance to burrow on twig or trunk__ 
Leopard moth, p. 68. 
(3) Trees sickly, inside of bark densely scored by frass-filled mines 
running in al directions_____~-_ Two-lined oak and chestnut borer, p. 61. 
(4) Ground beneath tree strewn with hollowed-out, cut-off twigs; white 
grub with brown jaws in hollow when fresh_—__-~--_____-__-________ 
Maple and oak tiig-pruner, p. 70. 
Sap suckers, scale insects. ; 
(1) Leaves and tender shoots crumpled up, older leaves and twigs 
studded with stationary brown, pea-shaped scale insects_______________ 
Pubescent oak Kermes, p. 79. 
(2) Tree ailing, smooth bark of trunk and branches more or less in- 
crusted and roughened by stationary black, circular scales; also 
Wylie GINCLOS nae ae ce ei Pn Obscure scale, p. T9. 
Galls. 
Swellings of various shapes and dimensions on upper and under side of 
LeaVeESEORS ONE tWitSee ease eS Le ee ee Oak galls, p. 92. 
PERSIMMON. 
Borer. 
Girdled twigs hanging on trees, or lying on ground below trees__________ 
Twig girdler, p. 71. 
POPLAR. 
Leaf chewers. 
(1) Leaves with holes bitten part way or entirely through, later entirely 
consumed by spotted, soft-bodied, short, stoutish grubs and spotted or 
Strimedmpeeriescone-halteimeln lomo.) ee ee Ne 8 
. Cottonwood, poplar, and willow: leaf-beetles, p. 50. 
(2) Holes in leaves with spindle-shaped bags near by___Bagworm, p. 31. 
(3) Leaves partly or entirely eaten by spiny, black, red-marked cater- 
pillars; up tow inches) long=— =e Spiny elm caterpillar. p. 48. 
(4) Leaves blistered or eaten by coiled yellowish-white worms with 
Dlackninessllong pack! 2sea sees wee ese 8 Large elm sawfly, p. 51. 
(5) Leaves being eaten by caterpillars with blue head and silvery, 
diamond-shaped spots along the back__-_Forest tent caterpillar, p. 35. 
(6) White frothlike egg masses on tree trunk; leaves more or less eaten 
by yellow caterpillars with black and red hair pencils on back____---____ 
White-marked tussock moth, p. 41. 
(7) Twigs or branches covered with web containing hairy eaterpillars___ 
Fall webworm, p. 40. 
(8) Leaves being eaten by caterpillars with long, soft, drooping, yellow 
hairs and with five rather long, stiff tufts of black hairs along the back; 
WHEnEAh res «cunledsup on underside*or leafs —=22 2 - =. 
Cottonwood dagger moth, p. 47. 
Borers. 
(1) On trunk at crotches irregular scars from which sap oozes and 
HOLOUS SHOLINeS spr @ Gree = we ee ey Aspen borer, p. 5S. 
(2) Dead or dying limbs, swellings and dead patches of bark often 
cracked open on limbs and trunk; fading f6liage; sawdust and oozing - 
* sap at points of attack; injured twigs with burrow along middle with 
Wie meShVveeLOOMeSSTeLUD al SOME DOIMtse 222-82 6 
Mottled willow and popular borer, p. 65. 
