nla 
The Southern Pine Beetle. 5 
they constitute the danger signal of an outbreak which may result 
in widespread devastations. The southern pine beetle is the most 
destructive enemy of the pine 
within its range; in fact, it is 
a constant menace to the living 
pine of all the Southern States. 
(See fig. 4.) 
EVIDENCE OF THE DE- 
STRUCTIVE WORK OF 
THE BEETLE. 
The presence of this beetle in 
dangerous or destructive num- 
bers is plainly indicated by 
patches of dying and dead pine, 
which show no evidence of in- 
jury by fire or other destructive 
agencies. 
The trees infested by the de- 
veloping broods are indicated by 
the fading green, greenish 
brown, and yellowish red of the 
foliage and _ positively  deter- 
mined by the removal of some 
bark from the middle of the 
trunks of a few of the dying 
trees and the finding of the char- 
acteristic work in the inner bark 
and on the surface of the wood, 
as shown in figures 2 and 3. 
The trees which have been 
killed and abandoned by the de- 
veloped broods of the beetles are 
indicated by the reddish-brown 
foliage (abandoned “ red tops”), 
the fallen foliage (abandoned 
“black tops”), and the decaying 
standing or fallen trees (aban- 
doned = broken tops i and Fig. 2.—Section of pine trunk with bark 
a4 snags,” fallen trees, etc.). removed, showing the marks of the egg 
x galleries on the surface. 
The cause of the death of trees 
of any of these stages is determined by examining the dead bark for 
evidence of the work of the beetle. 
