The Southern Pine Beetle. 11 
(6) By the time the tops have changed to a reddish hue the broods 
have developed and are either emerging or have emerged. 
(7) During the warm months the broods will develop and emerge 
from a tree within about 30 to 40 days after it is attacked. 
(8) Trees attacked in November will usually carry the broods 
over winter. The foliage of some trees will fade and reach the red- 
dish stage before spring; other trees attacked in December or later 
may not fade until the warm days of February, March, or April. 
Therefore, in estimating the character and extent of an infestation 
within any given area, or in locating infested trees and marking them 
for utilization or treatment, one has only to consider those with fad- 
ing or greenish brown foliage or the first stage of the yellowish red 
tops. 
ESSENTIAL DETAILS IN METHODS OF CONTROL. 
There are certain essential details in the recommended methods of 
combating the southern pine beetle which must be observed in order 
to avoid not only serious mistakes but possibly ultimate failure: 
(a) The principal clumps or patches of dying trees which are 
actually infested by the broods of the destructive beetle, as indicated 
by the fading and dying foliage, or otherwise, should be located and 
marked during the months of November, December, January, and 
February. In order to do this work, proper experience or special 
instruction is required. Therefore, some one who has had instruc- 
tions should have charge of the work in each important area in which 
control work is to be undertaken. 
(6) The broods of the beetle in the bark of the main trunks of 50 
to 75 per cent of the medium to larger sized dying infested trées 
within an area of 8 or 10 square miles or more must be destroyed in 
order to stop their depredations. 
(ce) The broods may be destroyed by one or more of the following 
methods, the work to be done between the 1st-of November and the 
1st of March. 
(1) Removing and burning the infested bark from the trunks of 
the standing trees; or 
(2) Removing and burning the infested bark from the trunks of 
the trees after they have been cut down; or 
(8) Seorching the infested bark, or burning the wood with the 
bark after the trees are cut down; or 
(4) Placing the infested portions of the trunks in water; or 
(5) Converting the trunks of the infested trees into cordwood and 
using the wood for fuel before the beetles leave the bark the follow- 
ing spring; or 
(6) Converting the infested trees into lumber or other products 
and burning the slabs or bark. 
