Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape. 41 
varieties of grapes, it has been reported as feeding on Virginia 
creeper and the American red-bud. It is widely distributed in the 
Mississippi Valley and the Eastern States, and has been recorded as 
destructive in Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, Ohio, Penn- 
sylvania, and New York. It has been particularly injurious in 
northern Ohio, Erie County, Pa., and western New York. The in- 
sect thrives in vineyards which have been neglected. In the absence 
of cultivation and timely spraying it may become a serious pest in 
any vineyard throughout its range of distribution. This is espe- 
cially true in light gravelly 
soils and in regions where 
grape growing is followed 
on a large scale. 
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. 
The adults make their ap- 
pearance in vineyards, be- 
ginning about the close of 
the blooming period. In 
New York, Pennsylvania, 
and Ohio grape districts, 
emergence begins the latter 
part of June or in early 
July, varying with the sea- 
son and soil. After emer- 
gence beetles begin to feed, 
eating rows of holes in the 
upper surface of the leaf, 
as described. Shortly the Fig. 43.—Feeding marks on grape foliage of he 
females begin to deposit grape rootworm beetle. 
eggs, the number for an individual female varying considerably, but 
averaging about 100. Eggs are deposited in patches under the bark 
of last year’s wood and may be placed quite generally over the canes 
(fig. 45). In about 8 to 14 days the eggs here hatch and the resulting 
larve drop to the ground. Although their powers of locomotion and 
endurance are considerable to enable them to overcome difficulties in 
reaching the roots, many doubtless fail to do so and perish. When 
established on the roots, however, the grubs feed freely and grow 
rapidly, and by fall the majority of them are full grown or nearly so 
(fig. 46). The insect hibernates in the grub stage several inches deep 
in the soil. In the spring the larve ascend to near the surface of the 
earth, the immature ones complete their growth, and the pupa stage 
is entered, mostly at from 2 to 3 inches below the surface of the 
ground and within a radius of 14 to 2 feet from the base of the vine. 
An earthen cell is prepared by the larva in which the pupa or 
“turtle” stage is passed (fig. 46). The insects in this condition are 
