Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape. A5 
healthy condition by adequate fertilization, pruning, spraying, ete. 
In this way the infested vines are most likely to be kept in a produc- 
tive condition in spite of the attack of the insect. 
THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.” 
The grape phylloxera has 
come into wide notoriety on 
account of its injurious re- 
lation. to vinifera or Kuro- 
pean varieties of grapes. It 
is a native of the United 
States approximately east 
of the Rocky Mountains, 
where it lives on various 
wild species of American 
grapes and attacks more or Fic. 49.—Eggs of grapevine root-borer. Consider- 
less cultivated varieties. ably enlarged. 
The phylloxera was introduced into France presumably on vines from 
America some time previous to 1867 and quickly became a most se- 
rious menace to the grape-growing industry. By 1884 a third of the 
vineyard area of France had been destroyed and much additional 
territory seriously injured. The phylloxera has spread to much of the 
vine-growing regions of Europe, 
and occurs in Russia, Algeria, 
and New Zealand. In California, 
where European or vinifera vari- 
eties of grapes are largely grown, 
the phylloxera has been for many 
years the most important insect 
enemy of the vine (fig. 51). It 
made its advent into that State 
about 1858 and was presumably 
introduced on American \grapes 
from the Mississippi Valley or 
Eastern States. At the present 
time the insect in the United 
States is a pest of importance 
practically only in California, 
though reports of injury, espe- 
cially to foliage (fig. 52), have 
occasionally come from States 
east of the Rockies, principally on varieties with considerable vinifera 
blood. Our wild grapes in the East possess in varying degrees immu- 
nity from injury by the phylloxera and thrive in spite of the presence 
of the insect. In Europe, California, and elsewhere the ravages of 
the phylloxera are now being circumvented by the use of American 
I'rg. 50.—Cocoon and pupal skins of grape- 
vine root-borer. Enlarged. 
°8 Phyllorera vitifoliae Fitch. 
