Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape. AY 
that State appears not to be a factor of importance in the dissemina- 
tion of the species. 
CONTROL. 
Growers of American varieties of grapes, with a few exceptions, 
will not find the phylloxera of sufficient importance as a pest to re- 
quire consideration. Those planting vinifera sorts should use vines 
on resistant stocks. The kind of stock which should be employed 
varies with the variety of grape to be grown and other conditions, 
and expert advice on this subject should be obtained from the viticul- 
Fig. 52.—Leaf galls of ‘grape phylloxera as found in eastern 
United States. 
turist of the Department of Agriculture or of the University of Cali- 
fornia. 
In California the use of carbon disulphid injected into the soil to 
destroy the insects on the roots is, in most instances, impracticable, 
as is also the utilization of water in flooding vineyards. 
FUNGOUS DISEASES. 
Most of the fungous parasites of the grape are indigenous, and 
came originally from the native wild vines. With the gradual ex- 
tension and development of the grape-growing industry there has 
also been an increase in the distribution and destructiveness of these 
fungous diseases. The conditions which necessarily obtain in com- 
