14 ; Farmers’ Bulletin 1222. 
before October 15, and any that then remain will be too old to do 
much of the work of keeping up the colony temperature during the 
winter season. These old bees will certainly die during the win- 
ter, and it will be only those bees which are reared after August 
15 that will remain to do the work when normal brood-rearing begins 
about March 1 of the next year. Brood-rearing naturally decreases 
in late summer and it is necessary that favorable conditions be pro- 
vided or the bees may almost cease raising brood, and thus endanger 
the very life of the colony. The common German bees found in this 
region are especially likely to stop brood-rearing too soon. As will 
be explained later in more detail, every colony should have a young 
queen introduced and laying just before the period of preparation 
for the winter begins. Room for the rearing of brood must be pres- 
ent. Stores must be present in plenty, and at no time between 
August 15 and October 15 must there be less than 15 pounds of 
honey in each hive, for with less honey the bees will almost certainly 
not rear enough bees for the winter cluster. It will be found advan- 
tageous to provide each colony with at least two 10-frame hive-bodies 
at this time, the brood being reared in the lower hive and the upper 
one being practically full of honey. This is more than the bees 
actually need at this season, but, as will be shown later, they will 
need it during the winter and spring, and if it is provided in late 
summer, nothing further need be done as to stores. It is a serious 
mistake, especially in this region, to extract too closely, to reduce 
the bees to a single hive-body, and to depend on the fall flowers to 
provide stores for winter, and these are perhaps the most common 
mistakes of the beekeepers of the region. The requirements of the 
colonies for the late summer are, therefore, a young queen, two 
stories for the hive, the upper hive-body full of honey, and enough 
empty cells in the lower hive-body for the small amount of brood 
which will then be reared. Nothing else that the beekeeper can then 
do will contribute to the well-being of the colony. 
WINTER CARE. 
Throughout this region the winter losses are as high as those ex- 
perienced by beekeepers much farther north. In the tulip-tree 
region bees should be wintered out of doors, as cellar wintering is 
unnecessary and would be fatal with tulip-tree or aster stores. There 
is no place in the region where winter packing is not needed, and it 
is impossible to get the full crop of honey from the tulip-tree with 
colonies that have been left without added protection in winter. De- 
tailed directions for the making of one type of winter packing-case 
are given in Farmers’ Bulletin 1012, to which the reader is referred. 
The quadruple winter-case (fig. 3) therein described is one of the 
