a 
The More Important Apple Insects. 39 
powder or 2 pounds of the paste to 50 gallons for the young caterpillars, but 
doubling the amount of poison in case the larvee are one-third grown or over. It 
is quite practicable to destroy the nests and caterpillars by hand where these 
are not too numerous. During the work of pruning, lookout should be kept for 
the egg masses and these removed and destroyed. The destruction of wild- 
eherry trees in the vicinity of orchards will aid in keeping the pest reduced. 
FALL WEBWORM.” 
As the name indicates, the larve of this species web together a considerable 
number of leaves and twigs into an unsightly nest (fig. 74), much in evidence 
in the late summer and early fall. Within the nest the larvee feed upon the 
leaves, as well as any fruit which may be inclosed. This insect is not ordinarily 
un important apple pest, except in ep-demic years in neglected orchards or in 
young orchards to which arsenical Sprays are not as a rule applied. It is a 
native species, widely distributed over the United States, and attacks a large 
vuriety of food plants, as the apple, pear, pecan, and various nut and shade 
trees. It is rather chronically injurious to shade trees. 
The winter is passed in the pupa stage concealed beneath trash on the ground 
or just under the surface of the soil or sometimes in crevices of the bark. 
The dark-brown pupa (fig. 75) is inclosed in a flimsy silken cocoon, into which 
hairs from the caterpillar are woven. The first brood of moths issue irregularly, 
but some larval webs are to be found within a few weeks after the foliage 
has pushed out. In the Middle and Southern States a second brood appears in 
late summer or fall. The moths (fig. 76) have a wing expanse of about 1} 
inches and ‘are variable in color, some being pure white, while others are 
white spotted with black and brown dots. The eggs (fig. 77), which are light 
yellow and globular, are deposited on both the upper and lower surfaces of the 
leaves in flat clusters, usually containing a few hundred eggs and are more or less 
covered with white hairs from the body of the female. Upon hatching, the 
eaterpillars attack the terminal leaves of the branch and soon inclose a section 
within a silken web, enlarging it as more food is required. Feeding is con- 
tinued within this web until the larve are nearly grown, when they frequently 
‘feed outside of the nest at night. A full-grown caterpillar (fig. 78) is about 
1} inches long, with a broad, dark band along the back, the body being covered 
with long, whitish hairs, though there is a considerable yariation in their color 
and appearance. 
This species yields readily to arsenicals of the strength usually employed 
and will require no attention in apple orchards receiving the proper spray 
applications for other chewing insects. 
RED-HUMPED APPLE CATERPILLAR.” 
Ordinarily the red-humped apple caterpillar is one of the minor insect 
enemies of the apple, the injury consisting in the defoliation of individual 
branches or occasionally of young trees. The caterpillars feed in colonies at the 
ends of branches and are met with from midsummer until early fall, according 
to latitude. It is a native species, quite generally distributed throughout the 
United States, and, in addition to the apple, feeds upon the pear, cherry, plum, 
and prune, aS well as certain other fruit, nut, and shade trees. As a rule 
it winters in the larva stage within a loosely constructed cocoon in some 
sheltered place on or near the ground (fig. 79, F). In the late spring or early 
°° Hyphantria cunea Drury. 26 Schizura concinna Smith and Abbot. 
