46 Farmers’ Bulletin 1270. 
pillars feed on the terminal leaves. The second or supplementary means of — 
control is to remove and burn during the winter all of the brown-tail nests found — 
on the trees. If the caterpillars’ nests have not been destroyed during the 
winter or by the time the new foliage appears, the arsenate of lead treatment 
should be made promptly as described. 
WHITE-MARKED TUSSOCK MOTH.” 
During some years the white-marked tussock moth is of considerable impor- 
tance by reason of its injuries to the apple, and at these times it is usually 
abundant on shade trees in the same region, Its injury consists in eating the 
foliage, though it has been known to do material damage by eating holes in the 
green fruit (fig. 90). It is a native species occurring quite generally throughout 
the eastern portions of the United States and in Canada. The caterpillars feed 
upon a very large list of plants, including the apple, pear, and other deciduous 
fruits, as well as a large number of shade trees. They are likely to be met 
with any year in orchards, but only occasionally do they cause serious damage. 
. The winter is passed as eggs, which are deposited in clusters containing from 
a few to several hundred and are protected by a white, frothlike substance 
(fig. 91). An individual egg is roundish and light cream-colored and the masses 
are placed upon the trunk, in crotches of limbs, and other places, usually upon 
the cocoon from which the female moth has emerged. The female moth (fig. 91) 
is light gray, with mere rudiments of wings, whereas the male has well-developed 
wings and is grayish, the forewings being crossed by irregular dark bands, with 
a white spot near the tip of the outer edge (fig. 92). The lary hatch in the 
spring after the foliage has appeared and with a few weeks of feeding attain 
full growth and seek a place upon the tree or on some near-by object to spin their 
cocoons preparatory to pupation. The larvee are rather ornate, and when 
full grown measure about 13 inches long (fig. 93). The head is coral red, and 
two protuberances of the same color occur on the rear end of the body. There 
are also two conspicuous black plumes extending from the fore end and one 
from the rear end of the body, on which are also found four pale yellowish 
tufts of hair. The pups are brownish and are inclosed in the cocoon made of 
silk and hairs. Toward the northern part of its distribution there is only one 
brood of larvee each year, but in the central and more southern States, depend- 
ing upon the latitude, there may be as many as three broods. 
There are two other species of tussock moths likely to be found in orchards 
in certain regions. The antique tussock moth,” of European origin, is present 
in the New England States and adjacent Canada, its general range of distribu- 
tion, however, extending westward to the Pacific. The California tussock 
moth” occurs only in California apparently, where it has done important injury 
to apples, cherries, and certain forest or shade trees. Both species can be con- 
trolled by the means recommended for the white-marked tussock moth. 
The caterpillar of the tussock moth is quite resistant to arsenicals, but can 
be controlled while young with a spray of arsenate of lead, using the powder 
at the rate of 2 pounds or the paste at the rate of 4 pounds to 50 gallons of water 
or fungicide. When the caterpillars are very abundant, much relief can be se- 
cured by searching out and creosoting the egg masses as for the gipsy moth 
(p. 44), or these can be removed and destroyed by burning. 
® Hemerocampa leucostigma Smith and Abbot. 
*t Notolophus antiaua Linnaeus. 
“ Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduyal. 
