The More Important Apple Insects. 55 
The elliptical eggs are exceedingly minute, iridescent, of a greenish yellow 
tint, and are placed on the foliage. Upon hatching, the larve immediately 
burrow into the upper surface of the leaf, eventually eating out the charac- 
teristic trumpet-shaped mines. There are from two to four generations each 
year, depending upon the locality. 
This insect can be destroyed in its mine by the use of contact sprays, such 
as 12 to 15 per cent kerosene emulsion or 40 per cent nicotine sulphate at the 
rate of one-half pint to 50 gallons of water, to which should be added 2 pounds 
of soap which has previously been dissolved with water. Plowing under 
leaves prior to the blooming period of the apple should aid in its control by 
burying the overwintering insects, thus preventing the escape of the moths. 
SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF-MINER.” 
The spotted tentiform leaf-miner also is of comparatively little importance, 
but is occasionally the subject of inquiry from observing orchardists. As a 
larva it makes a small mine on the lower surface of the leaf, but since it does 
not devour all of the soft tissue, the mine appears spotted when viewed from 
above. Owing to the crumpling of the leaf, the mine bears some resembl:nce 
to a tent. and hence the rather fanciful common name. This insect, of Euro- 
pean origin, is now distributed over most of the eastern part of the United 
States, and has been reported as feeding upon the apple. quince, plum, wild 
cherry, wild haws, and sweet-scented crab. 
It passes the winter in the pupa stage within the mine on fallen leaves, 
The mcths emerge in the spring and deposit their minute eggs on the foliage. 
The resulting caterpillars are about one-fifth of an inch in length and yellow- 
ish. The moths are very small, with brownish forewings on which are white 
lines and spots, with a black spot at the tip of the wing. : , 
The suggestions given above for the control of the trumpet leaf-miner are 
applicable to the present species. 
UNSPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAF-MINER.” 
The larva of the unspotted tentiform leaf-miner makes a tent-like mine (fig. 
114) on the underside of the leaf somewhat larger than that of the spotted 
tentiform leaf-miner and, unlike the latter, consumes all of the leaf tissue ex- 
cept the veinlets. It attacks, in addition to the apple, pear, crab apple, haw, 
plum, and wild cherry. Although sometimes abundant in orchards, it is of 
very minor importance. It is probably a native species, and is more common 
in the Northern and Middle States than elsewhere. 
The winter is passed in the pupa stage within a cocoon made in the folded 
edge of a deaf (fig. 115). The pupa is about one-sixth of an inch long and yel- 
lowish brown. The small grayish moths issue in the spring and deposit on the 
foliage, usually on the lower surface, their very minute eggs, which are invis:ble 
to the naked eye. The footless larve soon hatch and eat their way into 
the inner leaf tissue, where they start their characteristic mines. The full- 
grown larva is about one-fourth of an inch long and greenish gray. Several 
generations are produced yearly, the last brood pupating during the late fall 
and passing the winter in this condition. 
Special remedial measures will seldom be necessary, but if such is the case 
the mest practical means of control is, perhaps, to destroy the overwintering 
pup in the fallen leaves by plowing and disking the orchard in the early 
spring previous to the issuance of the adults. 
*” Lithocolletes blancardella Fabricius. “Ornixe geminatella Packard. 
