64 Farmers’ Bulletin 1270. 
At the approach of winter the San Jose scale is found in practically all 
stages, from the very young to the mature, but nearly all of the individuals 
die except those that are about half developed—the stage in which the scale 
seems best to resist winter conditions. In 
the spring the scales that have successfully 
survived the winter continue their develop- 
ment until they reach maturity, after which 
» the females produce their living young. 
There are several generations during the 
course of the growing season, depending upon 
the locality. The waxy scale which protects 
the yellowish, sac-like body of the female is 
circular, about the size of a pinhead, gray- 
ish. with a central nipple (fig. 129), while 
that of the male is oval, dark gray, with the 
nipple, or exuvium, toward the small end of 
the scale (fig. 129). The adult male is 
orange colored and has two delicate wings. 
The young scales, or nymphs, are smaller 
and have a blackish scale-covering with a 
central nipple. 
The best and safest spray is concentrated 
lime-sulphur solution, testing 32° Baumé, 
diluted at the rate of 1 gallon to 7 of water or approximately 63 gallons 
to each spray tank of 50 gallons capacity. This 
wash may be applied any time after the leaves 
have dropped in the fall, provided the tempera- 
ture is not freezing, and before the buds open 
in the spring. The dormant spraying, however, 
is usually deferred until after the winter prun- 
ing has removed much of the infested wood, 
thereby securing better results and saving 
spray material. If it is desired to spray for 
apple aphids, the dormant application may be 
delayed until the bud tips show green, when 
the same lime-sulphur solution combined with 
three-eighths of a pint of 40 per cent nicotine 
sulphate to each 50 gallons may be employed 
to combat both scale and aphids. Owing, how- 
ever, to the limited time available for this 
work before the foliage has advanced too far, 
adequate equipment is necessary to accomplish 
the work in an effective manner. Miscible oils 
may also be used in cases of severe infestation, 
and are effective in the control of the seale, 
but injury to the trees sometimes results from their use. During the sum- 
mer season the young scale insects are killed by the summer strength of 
hime-sulphur concentrate (13 gallons to 50 gallons of water), and spotting 
of the fruit is thereby considerably reduced. 
Fie. 128. 
Twig incrusted with the 
San Jose scale. 
Iie. 129.—San Jose scale: Males 
and females. Greatly enlarged. 
