66 Farmers’ Bulletin 1270. 
while it is widely disseminated, it attracts most attention in the New England 
and Middle Atlantic States. It is readily recognized by the characteristic dirty 
white, pear-shaped scale, somewhat less than one- 
eighth of an inch in length, which covers the yellow- 
ish female insect (fig. 183). The male scale-covering 
is snowy white, elongate, and only one twenty-fifth of 
an inch long (fig. 188). The eggs and the young are 
purplish, tinted with red. 
As in the case of the oyster-shell scale, this insect 
winters as eggs, which begin hatching shortly after 
the young apples have set. In the Northern States 
there is only one brood, while in the extreme South 
there are probably as many as three. 
The remedial measures suggested for the control 
of the San Jose and oyster-shell scales are appro- 
priate for the present species. 
PINHOLE BORERS. 
The three species of beetles here treated are known 
to attack the limbs and branches of the apple, boring 
small pinholes directly through the bark and into 
the wood. The pinhole 
borers which penetrate into 
the wood of the trees are 
also known as ambrosia 
Fic. 132—The scurfy peetles, because they feed 
seale. Enlarged. : ‘ : : 
upon ambrosia fungi which 
grow along the walls of their burrows. In addition 
to stone and pome fruits, many kinds of trees are 
subject to injury, usually after they have been weak- 
ened by other causes. One of the forms, the so-called 
pear-blight beetle,” bores into the branches of apple, 
pear, ete., and may cause a dying-back of the wood, 
the injury resembling that due to a disease known 
as pear blight. Another species, the apple wood- 
stainer,” as the name suggests, is associated with a 
staining of the wood along the burrows of the beetle, 
due to the growth of one of the ambrosia fungi. A 
frequent companion of this beetle is another form simi- 
lar in appearance and habits.™ 
When remedial measures for the Ambrosia beetles 
are necessary, the recommendations given for pre- 
venting injury by the fruit-tree barkbeetle should 
be employed. 
FRUIT-TREE BARKBEETLE.” Fic. 133.—Female and 
: male scurfy scales. 
The fruit-tree barkbeetle, also called the shot-hole Greatly enlarged. 
borer, though closely related to the pinhole borers, 
differs materially in the character of its attack. Its injuries are confined prin- 
cipally to sickly or diseased trees, or to diseased limbs, and are not as a rule 
the primary cause of death of trees, though usually so regarded by fruit growers. 
& Anisandrus pyri Peck. * Monarthrum fasciatum Say. 
53 Monorthrum mali Fitch. 5 Scolytus rugulosus Ratzeburg. 
