80 Farmers’ Bulletin 1270. 
ground throughout theirife. The wingless viviparous females are of a salmon 
brown color, changing with age to dark brown or purplish. The body is more 
or less concealed beneath a white, waxy covering, forming long, white tufts on 
the posterior parts. The winged viviparous females are brown to purplish, 
with dark brown to black head and thorax, depending on age. The body is coy- 
ered with white or bluish white waxy threads, more prominent on the poste- 
rior portion. The wings are transparent and the appendages are partly black. 
The aphid colonies above ground may be killed by means of a contact spray, 
as 40 per cent nicotine sulphate, three-eighths of a pint to 50 gallons of soapy 
water, made by dissolving 2 pounds of soap, or by the use of 10 per cent kerosene 
emulsion. Since these insects are well protected by their woolly covering the 
spray must be forcibly applied, care 
being taken to soak each colony very 
thoroughly. It is extremely difficult 
to effect satisfactory control of the 
root-infesting forms. Many treat- 
ments, such as tobacco refuse applied 
about the roots, fumigation with car- 
bon disulphid, ete., have been tried, 
but none can be unqualifiedly recom- 
mended. The most practical method 
is to fertilize and cultivate the trees 
so as to keep them in a thrifty, 
growing condition in spite of the 
aphids that may inhabit the roots. 
MISCELLANEOUS INJURIES. 
Although the primary purpose of 
this publication is to acquaint the 
fruit grower with the injuries and 
means of control of the more im- 
Fie. 168.—Nodular roots as a result of 3 ares S 
woolly apple aphis attack. portant apple insects. it is believed 
that brief mention of other agencies, 
exclusive of diseases which at times occasion more or less damage, may be 
of some interest and value. 
FROSTS AND FREEZES. 
The occurrence of heavy frosts and freezing temperatures shortiy after the 
fruit has set or while it is still quite small frequently results in deforming the 
fruit, the skin of which will often be marked with the so-called frost ring or 
band (fig. 169), which appears as a more or less distinct belt of brown corklike 
tissue. These frost bands sometimes completely encircle the fruit and are often 
conspicuous at harvest. In some instances small cracks develop in the affected 
area. Another type of frost injury is sometimes in evidence at the calyx or 
blossom end (fig. 170), in which will be found one or more small pockets or 
pits. Since it is practically impossible to fill these pits with poison, such fruit 
is quite susceptible to codling-moth injury. 
HAIL. 
The attempts of orchardists to grow perfect fruit are often vitiated by uncon- 
trollable factors, among which hail plays an important rdle. Hailstorms of 
varying severity occasion local losses in one part of the country or another 
