The More Important. Apple Insects. 81 
| practically every year. If the injury does not occur too near harvest, the hail 
pits will usually heal over as small corky areas. The damage, however, is not 
| confined to the hail marks, since pronounced codling-moth injury sometimes 
| follows in the wake of the hail, particularly when the storm occurs during the 
‘active hatching period of this pest, which gains ready access to the flesh of 
the fruit by way of the broken 
skin. Apples on the outside and 
exposed portions of the trees are 
naturally injured the most, and 
it sometimes happens that only 
one side of the tree is affected, 
depending upon the direction 
from which the storm has come. 
WIND. 
The wind is at times respon- 
sible for a certain amount of in-  yy¢, 169,—Apples injured by frost, producign the 
jury to the fruit, causing the so-called “ frost ring.” 
so-called “limb rub.” The skin 
of apples thus affected is more or less discolored where it has been bruised 
by chafing against a branch or limb. 
SPRAY BURN. 
Spray solutions, such as combinations of arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur or 
arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture, sometimes cause distinct injury to 
the fruit and foliage. The fruit is often 
russeted (fig. 171), especially when the 
spray is applied too forcibly, and in the 
ease of mixtures containing Bordeaux 
when used during the calyx and first 
cover-spray treatments or later in the 
season when followed by much damp 
or rainy weather. The foliage may be 
injured by either of the foregoing com- 
binations. and this is particularly true 
in the case of weak and unthrifty trees. 
Lime-sulphur injury to the fruit often 
follows if the spray is applied during 
midsummer, under conditions of high 
temperature and bright sunshine. The 
aftected fruit is greatly disfigured by a 
BiGc-170 meee tele. end of somewhat circular brownish black spot, 
apple. Codling moth larve frequently Which is sometimes as large as or larger 
enter the apple through the frost pits. than a half dollar (fig. 172). Apples 
on the southwest side of the tree are 
most likely to be damaged. In the eastern United States this type of injury has 
rarely been commercially serious, though sometimes conspicuous. In_ hot, 
sunny regions, where this form of injury is of frequent occurrence, fruit growers 
should use the sulphur sprays only in the cooler spring weather. 
INJURIES FROM TREE INJECTIONS. 
Every now and then “tree doctors” put in an appearance and endeavor to 
sell materials which they guarantee will free the tree of all noxious pests. 
92300°—22 6 
