The More Important Apple Insects. . 88 
would do well to employ the spray materials enumerated below, which, if 
rightly used, will give satisfactory results against the more important apple 
insects and fungous diseases. 
ARSENATE OF LEAD. 
Arsenate of lead is the most reliable and efficient poison for chewing insects. 
It is sold in both the powder and paste forms, the former being preferable, since 
it is more readily handled and can be held over from one year to the next by 
keeping it ina dry place. It can be combined with nicotine solutions and with 
either lime-sulphur or Bordeaux mixture for the simultaneous control of 
chewing and sucking insects and fungous dis- 
eases. 
NICOTINE. 
Nicotine, either commercial, as 40 per cent nic- 
otine sulphate, or homemade decoctions, is the 
best contact insecticide for sucking insects such 
as apple aphids, red bugs, etc. If used alone, 
soap should be added as a spreader, but if com- 
bined with mixtures containing lime-sulphur 
solution the soap should be omitted. When 
added to Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead 
a pound or so of soap to 50 gallons of spray may 
be used if desired. 
ies. 
4 
¥ 
1 
: 
KEROSENE EMULSION. 
IKkerosene emulsion is a relatively cheap and 
effective contact spray for sucking insects, but 
unless very well made and carefully used it may 
eause foliage injury. It has a further disadvan- 
tage in that it can not be used in combination 
with the other standard spray materials. 
LIME-SULPHUR. 
Fic. 173.—Tree injured by use 
of compound sold by ‘“ tree 
Lime-sulphur is used both as an insecticide doeton® 
and as a fungicide. It is recommended as a 
cormant spray against the scale insects and blister mite, and at greatly di- 
luted strengths as a summer spray for apple scab and certain other diseases. 
BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 
The well-known fungicide, Bordeaux mixture, is used against certain dis- 
eases, notably apple bitter-rot, which are not held in check by lime-sulphur. 
SOLUBLE OILS. 
Soluble or miscible oils, homemade or proprietary, may sometimes be em- 
ployed to advantage as dormant sprays for scale insects, the fruit-tree leaf- 
roller, etc. Injury may follow from their use, and it is therefore safer to 
apply lime-sulphur solution for scale insects. 
DUSTING MATERIALS.” 
The dry application of insecticides and fungicides has been tried experi- 
mentally and commercially for many years. In some instances satisfactory re- 
‘6 For more complete information on dusting materials see United States Department of 
Agriculture Farmers’ Bulletin 908. 
