LIME-SULPHUR CONCENTRATE. 
Preparation, Uses, and Designs for Plants. 
BE. H. Srecrer, Entomologist, Fruit Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, 
and A. M. Dantets, Mechanical Engineer, Division of Agricultural Engineer- 
ing, Bureau of Public Roads. 
CONTENTS. 
Page. Page. 
A valuable spray, easily prepared__ 1 | Preparation of lime-sulphur concen- 
Uses! of lime-sulphur-———§__— = ____.— 2 trate—Continued, 
WonmMianie Sprays es es ee fe 2 Cleaning the cooking tank_____ 9 
Delayed-dormant spray__--___~ 2 Sediment, or sludges. =_-====—— 9 
SHINEE EES ra yr eee ees EAS pe Settling tanks22 2-2 eae 9 
Homemade versus commercial con- Testing the concentrate______~ 9 
(Cop UGS ae Eee a by Storing the concentrate_______ 9 
General comparison _______ ~~~ 2 Diluting for spraying purposes_ 10 
Making lime-sulphur on _ the laime-sulphur plants! 2=-=s-==s=s>e— 11. 
eran eee ee ee ee 3 Size of plantsue-= 223.52 11 
Materials for makingi222 =--=-==-=+ 3 Small orchard plants_____-_~~- 11 
orn eles ee ee ee 3 Large orchard or community 
Sub Oven ES | 5 Soh 8 Ue 5s BRE eke ates 4 plaints #2 2 ae hs oS ee ene 29 
Chemical reactions in the making of Characteristics of equipment __ 37 
lime-sulphur concentrate________~ 5 Cookingiutank == =— = 37 
Formulas for making lime-sulphur Hot-water tank —=-- _~___— 38 
PONnCONEMAbe == oe a eee 5 Sitorareitanks 2-5 eee 39 
Preparation of lime-sulphur concen- Furnace and fluea2 ===. - 39 
HR er See ee 8 Se es ee ee 6 Agitator: S32 eee Ss 40 
Nowrces of, heat==— 22)" — 22> 6 Engine and pulley sizes__ 41 
NCATE OO ae oe ee a 6 Arrangement and location_ 41 
Making the concentrate ui 
A VALUABLE SPRAY, EASILY PREPARED. 
IME-SULPHUR solution! has deservedly won a high place 
among our present-day orchard spray materials, and 1s proba- 
bly used more extensively than any other compound, since it is both 
an insecticide and a fungicide, effective against certain insects and 
diseases. It is used during both the dormant and growing seasons. 
Moreover, lime-sulphur is comparatively cheap, and fortunately can 
be combined with many other compounds, such as arsenate of lead 
and nicotine, for the simultaneous control of chewing and sucking 
insects and certain fungous diseases. Its chief disadvantage is that 
it is disagreeable to use, owing to its causticity. As the name indi- 
cates, it is composed of lime and sulphur, and it is made by boiling 
these materials together in the presence of water. The chemical 
changes that take place during the operation are somewhat involved, 
but the actual process of making the concentrate is comparatively 
simple. 
1Lime-sulphur solution described in this bulletin should not be confused with the so- 
called self-boiled lime-sulphur, which is extensively used in summer spraying of peach 
trees. The self-boiled lime-sulphur is a mechanical mixture of lime and sulphur, whereas 
lime-sulphur solution is a chemical combination. F 
