If the walls of these camps had been made of layers alternately of wood 

 and stone with long transverse pieces projecting inwai'ds, and the entrances 

 protected and filled up with felled trees, when set on fire, on the parts most 

 exposed to currents of air and wind, the oolite stone would be reddened and 

 partially converted into lime ; the mountain limestone would be more readily 

 burned into Hme, but in some places only reddened. Caisar states that the 

 Gauls built their town walls with alternate layers of wood and stones, strong 

 transverse trunks of trees extending inwards, and bound together, forming a 

 barrier to resist the strokes of the battering ram ; and beneath the transversa 

 pieces cells and cots may have been formed for sleeping places and to protect 

 the inmates from the inclemency of the seasons in such exposed situations. 

 Several of these capips would contain many thousand persons. The enemy, 

 when it suited their purpose, may have occupied some of these camps as soon 

 as they were taken, and strengthened them by throwing up a vallum over 

 the burned banks and malring a deep fosse, as the one on Crickley Hill and 

 the camp near Clifton Suspension Bridge, 



The vitreous camp in Scotland, near Connor Ferry (ancient Berigonium), 

 seems to have been constructed upon the same plan as the calcareous camps 

 in Gloucester and Somersetshire with laj^ers of stone and wood. The stones 

 being trap or igneous rock when fired would on the exposed parts become 

 vitrified, pumiced, and partially melted, while on the parts sheltered by the 

 high ground of the King's Hill they would be only reddened or slightly 

 affected by the fire, which is the case in that camp. 



These camps being situated not far from the long barrows and round stono 

 burial places of the long-headed Celtic race, we may perhaps be justified in 

 concluding that that race may have been the builders of these camps, as well 

 as of the Cromlechs and rough stone circles. The work found in those burial 

 places, and the labour that must have been bestowed upon them, would prove 

 that they were quite equal to erect such camp residences. 



The earth-work camps with single vallum and fosse or the double vallum 

 and fosse, which are generally of a square form, some containing many acres, 

 were constructed by the Romans for Eoman villas ; pottery and coins are 

 usually found near such camps, as well as the remains of domesticated animals, 

 and heaps of oyster and mussel shells, &c., &c. 



Cajsar, in his second book, states that his legions came upon a fortified 

 camp, which they were compelled to take with a testudo, and which he 

 supposed had been made by the British in their civil wars as a place of refuge. 



The smooth and cut stono circles of Stonehenge and other such structures, 

 where bronze colts are found, may have been erected three centuries before 

 the Christian era by the Belgse, a short-headed race. Dr. Thui-nam, of Devizes, 

 entertains that opinion, and it is faii-ly arg-ued out in his paper on Stonehenge, 



The Eomans appear to have been the first people to use mortar, construct 

 substantial buildings, introduce letters and domestic animals. No properly 

 turned arch has been discovered in any works before the Roman period. 



