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divides it into two parts may have been to mark the positions 

 allotted to different portions of the people, when they took 

 refuge in it. Its small size, compared with the two previous 

 ones, indicates that it was a fortress rather than a permanent 

 dwelling-place. 



Pen Hill was less strongly fortified than the others. The 

 purpose of its earthworks was probably to defend the cattle from 

 sudden attack, perhaps also from wolves. I find it stated that 

 cattle-stations of this kind are frequent in Ireland, and that they 

 have been found necessary for protection from wolves in historic 

 times. The Rev. F. Warre (Somersetshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. 

 Soe. Proceedings, vol. ix.. p. 142 seq.) points out that such British 

 summer camps or cattle-stations are common in the neighbourhood 

 of Glastonbury. He says they are characterised by " the great 

 size of their external inclosures, the absence of any very important 

 or complex military works, and of any considerable provision for 

 permanent residence." All these features are met with in 

 Pen Hill. 



The same writer (Somersetshire Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc. Proceed- 

 ings, vol. via., p. 65) divides British camps into two classes, the one 

 simply fortresses, such as Cadbury, the other fortified towns like 

 VVorle Hill. If we adopt this classification, we may say that 

 Lansdown Camp belongs to the former and Hampton to the 

 latter class, while Solsbury partakes to some extent of the 

 characteristics of both, and is in some of its features std generis. 



The question that remains, as to the age and people to which 

 we shall refer these various fortifications, is beset with difficulties. 

 Professor Boyd Dawkins, in a lecture recently delivered here, 

 used words which gave the impression that he considered such 

 camps generally as the work of a pre-Keltic population, which he 

 calls Iberic. But he told me in conversation afterwards, that he 

 meant the remark to apply only to those cases in which the 

 weapons and implements of the neolithic age are found in 

 connection with a camp. The mere existence of hut-circles, 



