23 



either in the roof or in the sides, as no traces of chimneys 

 have been found in the Roman houses ; but instructions are 

 given that the smoke should be carried into the Woodhouse, 

 for the purpose of drying the fuel for use, and this could 

 only be done by means of flues. The cells of the farm slaves 

 were to look toward the south, and the Villicus, or bailiff, 

 was to have his dwelling near the gate leading to the house, 

 that he might thus overlook the labourers. The cells of the 

 ploughmen and shepherds were to be near their respective 

 cattle. The pars Fruduaria contained the granary for 

 corn, the wine-press, oil-press, and wine cellar. I cannot 

 but think that in the arrangement of the Grange of the 

 Monastery of the middle ages, and even in the Monastery 

 itself, you have preserved much of the arrangement of the 

 Roman Villa. The Monastery was the dwelling of a 

 community, and therefore larger ; but the disposition of the 

 buildings probably had for their model the ancient Roman Villa. 

 The Romans are well known to have been great gardeners. 

 It is interesting to have found the traces of an ornamental 

 garden in the Villa at Cold Harbour Farm. In the earliest 

 period of Roman history, observes Dr. Daubeney, every 

 family had its garden. In the Laws of the Twelve Tables, 

 the term Hortus is synonymous to heredium, or inheritance. 

 Pliny remarks that men of the highest rank were willing to 

 borrow their names from its contents, as in the Valerian 

 family, where the Laduarii did not think themselves dis- 

 graced by taking their names from the Lettuce. The variety 

 of plants cultivated appears to liave been small, compared 

 with our own system of gardening, although the kitchen 

 garden was so important. Fi'om Marshall, we know that 

 flower pots were common in the windows of the houses 

 (Epis. xi., 19), and the central court of the Villa contained 

 a small garden, as we see from paintings on the walls of the 

 houses at Pompeii, and find traces still existing in the courts. 



