2 ay > pe De ee ee 
“os ie 
eee 
VOL. XV. (1) VERTEBRATE AND MOLLUSCAN REMAINS 61 
It is worthy of note that No. 2’ has had its top partly 
sawn through by an iron tool. No. 3 evidently belongs 
to a young individual. There are no specimens in our 
collections which exhibit such compression, and on exam- 
ination the fine collection of ox-remains in the possession 
of Dr Frank Corner also failed to yield a similar example. 
In all the examples of early oxen we have seen the section 
is more nearly circular than in those from Cleeve Hill. 
There is no doubt, however, that we have here a local race 
of Bos longifrons. ‘The teeth represent every individual 
age from the calf to the old cow, and many of them show 
traces of alveolar abscesses and similar morbid develop- 
ments. An identical state of affairs is also found in the 
sheep-remains from Cleeve Hill, and it appears that these 
diseases which evidently affected a very considerable per- 
centage of the Cleeve Hill stock resulted from morbid 
conditions, set up by early domestication, just as in 
the case of elephants, the improper or unnatural feeding, 
consequent upon their captivity and taming, produces the 
abnormal intercalated ridglets in their molars. 
The following measurements of a series of milk-molars 
may be of use for comparison : 
Lower<Milk-Molars Millimetres 
mm 3 m mi 4 
Bos longifrons, Cleeve Hill 17°5by9°2 28°5 by 10°5 
= a a 310 by 110 
»  Walthamstow* 31°5 by 12°6 
= Swanscomb 30°2 by 12°2 
Recent Short Horm... 183by9'5 33'5 
29 2 a 172 by 93 
Bos primigenius, Ilford 39°2 by 16°6 
Most of the limb bones are too broken to yield either 
measurements or comparisons of importance. Some 
1 The Walthamstow example is from the alluvium of the River Lea. The age is un- 
certain; but it is early—perhaps late Celtic. The Swanscomb specimen was obtained 
from a Denehole at that place, and is certainly pre-Roman. The example of Bos primi- 
genius is from the middle terrace (Pleistocene) of Ilford. 
