70 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1904 
superiority of the new-comers than of a military conquest. 
We first find them about 1200 B.C. in the Panjab, and 
thence they gradually occupied the Ganges-Jumna_ valley. 
At least two distinct movements of this kind are reflected 
in the distribution of the modern vernacular tongues, 
besides a Scythic invasion, which occurred about the 
commencement of our era. 
They found in occupation of the country a people now 
known collectively as Dravidians; but these probably 
represent several distinct types—first, an Indo-Malaysian 
element which presents some affinity to the African type, 
and which is supposed by some to have entered India 
along the now submerged continent, of which Madagascar, 
the Laccadives and Maldives represent the highest summits. 
This type is now apparent in the Veddahs of Ceylon, the 
inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, and the forest tribes 
of Madras and the Malayan Peninsula. Secondly, the pure 
Dravidians, who possibly came to India from the valleys 
of the Tigris and Euphrates. Part of these may have 
come by land, because the Brahuis of Beluchistan speak a 
Dravidian tongue: possibly many came by sea, because .in 
early times there seems to have been active intercourse 
between Babylon, through the Persian Gulf, and India. 
Thirdly, tribes of Kolarian speech, who probably came 
from the north-west through some of the Himalayan 
passes. Fourthly, a Mongoloid people, who passed into 
India from the Tibetan plateau. 
From the combination of these various types with the 
Aryans resulted the present population. From the point 
of view of anthropometry the resultant type is remarkably 
uniform. Both Aryans and Dravidians are dolichocephalic, 
and dolichocephaly tends to increase as we move north, 
where the Aryan element is preponderant; the lower 
Ganges valley is occupied by a mesaticephalic race. The 
prominent feature which differentiates the Dravidian, as 
