VOL. XV. (3) EXCURSION—HEREFORD 197 
characteristic way of water-worn pebbles, and (3) the moraine had the 
curved outline which they had learnt to associate with glacial action. 
Dr C. G. Cullis drew attention to the fact that the blocks of stone, 
whilst more or less angular, were polished in places, and agreed with 
Mr Grindley that this was a well-known feature of glacial action. Mr 
Gray said that if the gravel had been deposited by a river the stratifi- 
cation would have been more apparent. The Rev. H. H. Winwood 
said that wherever he had seen moraines he had found striz on the 
stones. He was ready to admit there had been great disturbance at 
this place, and there was little sign of stratification, but he would like 
to be shown distinct evidences of strie. Mr Winwood here pointed 
to a piece of Old Red Sandstone, and said he saw no striated marks. 
Very likely, replied Mr Grindley, because it was a local stone, but if 
Mr Winwood would hunt up some Silurian rock, which would have 
travelled a considerable distance, he would find it had had time to be 
scratched by the ice. This the Members proceeded to do, and with- 
out much difficulty pieces of stone were picked up bearing strong 
evidence of the rough treatment to which it had been subjected. The 
deposit is clearly very varied in character, and contains débris which 
has been carried from distant localities. As is generally known, 
the greater part of Britain was covered by ice, and the effect of 
the movement of the ice was necessarily to remove the soils and 
superficial deposits of the land-surface. In North Britain deposits 
of enormous depths were made, but as the glaciers did not extend 
over the southernmost part of the island, it stands to reason that 
there would be fewer proofs of their action in Herefordshire or 
Gloucestershire. The high grounds of Britain had their own inde- 
pendent ice, which, as the striz show, radiated outwards, some of 
it passing westwards into the Atlantic, and some of it eastward 
into the North Sea. Glaciers perform two important tasks (1) to 
carry the débris of the mountains down to lower levels, (2) to 
erode their beds. On returning to Hereford, Mr Grindley showed 
Mr Winwood and one or two other Members who had hesitated 
to accept_his theory off-hand, some striated stones brought from the 
moraine, and the local museum was able to adduce additional confir- 
mation, so that in the end not only Mr Winwood but every geologist 
of repute present confessed that a.good case had been made out. 
This is really an important matter so far as the West of England is 
concerned, and great credit is due to Mr Grindley for his patient 
research, and his able exposition of a difficult subject. 
After a pleasant drive to Hereford, the Members sat down to 
lunch. A move was then made to the Cathedral, where Canon 
Williams was in waiting to exhibit and explain the wonderful Chain 
Library for which Hereford is famous. This proved a great treat, and 
the visit was rendered all the more enjoyable by reason of Canon 
William’s geniality and enthusiasm for his subject. The library of 
priceless manuscripts, encased in strong covers, and chained to the 
original wood cases, dates back to the fourteenth century. As a 
matter of fact there are many more chains than books, but the surplus 
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