VOL. Xv. (3) INSTINCT 229 
the foundations on which intelligent modifications of 
behaviour are based. Granting that the newly-hatched 
duckling is a conscious organism, then when it is placed 
in water it is aware of the situation, the sight of water, the 
stimuli it affords to breast and legs, in a word the pre- 
sentation as a whole; it is also aware of the instinctive 
behaviour, the application of the energies involved in the 
act of swimming. All these data afforded to conscious- 
ness coalesce into what may be termed the primordial 
tissue of experience. 
The aim of observational work and research in the field 
of instinct has been first, to determine what modes of 
behaviour are prior to individual experience, and secondly, 
in what way they themselves afford a preparation for 
further application in the modification of behaviour 
through intelligence. [Examples were given from the 
lecturer's work on Animal Behaviour.| 
From the strictly biological point of view, the pheno- 
mena of instinct must be brought into relation with 
evolutionary doctrine. If they involve what has been 
termed racial preparation, the questions arise: How has 
this preparation been established, and in what manner has 
it been transmitted through heredity? We have seen that 
instinctive behaviour may be modified by intelligent 
profiting by individual experience. The main question 
is as to the hereditary transmission of such acquired 
modifications of behaviour. Lamarck held that it was 
through such transmission that instincts have had their 
origin. George Henry Lewes termed it “lapsed intelli- 
gence.” Darwin showed that many instincts could not 
have arisen in this way. He held that the majority were 
due to natural selection—that is to say, to the occur- 
rence of slight variations in the efficiency of racial 
preparation and the elimination of all save those which 
were the most adaptive. Romanes classified as follows: 
R 
