VOL. XVI.(I1) EXCURSION—WAINLODE CLIFF 21 
HALF-DAY EXCURSION TO WAINLODE CLIFF 
NEAR GLOUCESTER 
SATURDAY, July 7th, 1906 
Directors: L. RICHARDSON and E. T. PARIS 
(Report by L. RICHARDSON and E. T. PARIS) 
Among the Members-who met at Wainlode Cliff in addition to 
the Directors, were: W. R. Carles (President), Lieut.-Col. J. C. 
Duke, Surg.-Major I. Newton, and Messrs G. M. Currie, J. W. Gray, 
F.G.S., J. G. Phillips, Vincent A. Smith, and J. Stephens, while there 
were several visitors. 
Ascending the hill, the Members sat down under the shade of a 
tree, while Mr Richardson discoursed on the general geological features 
of the surrounding country. He said that beyond the Malvern Hills 
was a district composed of Palaeozoic rocks, while on the east side were 
the Mesozoic, dipping as a rule at a slight angle to the south-east. 
Therefore, the farther east from the Malvern Hills the observer came, 
the newer would be the rocks he would traverse. Speaking generally, 
to the west of Wainlode were the red rocks of the Keuper ; to the east 
—as far as the Cotteswold Hills—the limestones and clays of the Lias, 
with here and there patches of sand and gravel in hollows on their 
surface. At Wainlode Cliff, were exposed the top-beds of the 
Keuper Series, the whole of the Rhetic Series, and the basement- 
beds of the Lower Lias. 
Reference was made to the Superficial Deposits, and to the origin 
of river-curves. 
In the course of his remarks, Mr Richardson mentioned the great 
line of fault that runs along the eastern side of the Malvern Hills, and 
said that it was highly probable that several earthquakes experienced 
in Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire, owed their 
origin to movements along this fault. In connection with the matter 
of faults and earthquakes, it was of interest to note that the calamitous 
San Francisco earthquake had been demonstrated to have had its origin 
in a great fault; but in this case the movement was horizontal, not 
vertical. 
A small exposure, showing the top of the Keuper, certain Rhetic 
Black Shales, and the well-known Bone-bed, was examined.t| Mr 
Richardson here exhibited a coral, which he had obtained from near 
1 See Proc. Cotteswold Nat. F. C., vol. xiv, pt. 2 (1903), pp. 131 ef segg.; and 
“ Handbook to the Geology of Cheltenham and Neighbourhood” (1904), pp. 21-25. 
