218 PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1909 
Dr. Callaway could not accept the suggestion, because in some 
places the bending of the older rock over the Silurian strata was so 
pronounced as to leave no doubt in his mind that the movement pro- 
ceeded from the east. 
Mr J. W. Gray then dealt with the question of glaciation. He 
prefaced his address by a reference to the diverse views respecting 
certain Superficial Deposits on and around the hills which had found 
expression respectively in the writing of two prominent authorities 
on local glaciation, namely, Phillips and Symonds, the former of 
whom held that the Malverns exhibited none of the usual traces of 
glaciation, while the latter maintained that such traces did exist but 
were only to be detected by the experienced and _ highly-trained 
geologist. Symonds had based his contention on the presence of 
striated rocks, boulder clay, and erratics, the most notable specimens 
of which existed in his day in the great quarry at North Malvern. 
Unfortunately, that portion of the quarry had disappeared, and they 
were therefore unable to give the theory the test of personal examin- 
ation. But with reference to the striated rocks, Mr Gray maintained 
that such rocks were to be found all over the Malvern range, both 
above and below the surface, and that their striation was due, not to 
ice action, but to earth movements. Their markings were known as 
‘* slicken-sides,” and this opinion was confirmed by Mr William 
Wickham, a close observer, whose knowledge of the neighbourhood 
extended over forty years, saying that these were the only kind of 
striated rocks he had found on the Malverns. He (the speaker) had 
never come across any true boulder clay in the district ; while as to 
the Woodbury boulder, regarded by Symonds as a conclusive proof 
of his theory, he believed that it was a detachment from once adjacent 
parent rock, the traces of which had been, in the course of ages, re- 
moved. The smoothed rock surfaces might be explained as the result 
of the action of wind-blown sand; and he would here point out that 
the friable nature of the Archzan rocks forbade the supposition that 
any sign of real ice action would have survived the effects of atmos- 
pheric erosion for solong a period. He thought it probable, however, 
that at the period of the intensest cold the Malverns formed the centre 
of a local glacial system. Certain gravels, supposed by some author- 
ities to be of glacial origin, were, he believed, river deposits laid 
down by the Teme when it flowed at a level from 50 to 100 feet 
above the present brook; or they might have been transported by 
torrents from melting glaciers over the ice, with which-many of the 
valleys of the district were doubtless filled during the period of 
maximum glaciation. He had come to the conclusion, therefore, that 
the only glaciation to which the Maivern Hills had been subjected 
was due to local accumulations of ice and snow; and that the small 
area available as a gathering ground forbade the supposition that 
glaciers of large dimensions could have been nourished. Further, he 
had failed to discover any trace of the marine submergence that was 
supposed by some writers to have obliterated many of the evidences 
of an invasion by the northern ice-sheets. 
