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VOL. XVI. (3) THE LOWER SEVERN 259 
History of rivers on the means for controlling the low- 
water channels, and for promoting the formation of new 
lands. ‘To fully see this needs a map showing the former 
and one showing the present conditions. Some interest- 
ing illustrations of river features may be seen in this area. 
At the outlet of the Hock ditch is a spit of land like a 
Chesil Beach, the point directed wf the stream but lower 
down on the same side, at the outlet of the Kingston Pill, 
is another with the point directed dowz the stream. The 
first is the work of the tide, literally casting aside the silt 
which it held in suspension, being out of the line of the 
stream. The second is, in like manner, the work of the 
stream, protected from any opposing influence of the 
tide by the breakwater at Tite’s Point. Just below Newn- 
ham are two of the so-called dead-ends in the sand, one 
pointed wf the stream szde dy sede with one pointed down 
the stream. These, too, are also the work of tide and 
stream respectively, and they are so important, in showing 
the direction of tide and stream, that as they are tongue- 
shaped I have elsewhere called similar features Zongues of 
the early tide and tongues of the low-water stream. 
Fig. 10 is taken from a chart in my possession made 
from a survey by Richard Thomas in 1815. Another, 
the same as this, is still used as the basis for records by 
the Navigation Authority. It affords an opportunity of 
observing not only the changes which have taken place 
since 1815, but the features which have not changed. 
On the Lydney side there is now a considerable interval 
between the canal and the inflow of any important stream. 
The line of unbroken front promotes the formation of a 
shoal along the bank. Important streams have been 
diverted into the canal and the waste water escapes at the 
junction with the river. This waste water now passes 
over to the other side in a direction somewhat up the 
line of the river through the shoal seen on the map, and 
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