18 
In conclusion, if I may be permitted to detain you a 
little longer, I should like to add a few words about the folk 
who lived on these downs of ours, whose art shows such a 
close connection with that of Ireland. It would appear that 
the earliest inhabitants of our island of whom we know any- 
thing definite, were the Picts, a non-Aryan race, who used 
stone implements, buried their dead in long barrows, and 
were mainly long-headed, with a cephalic index between 70 
and 75. At some period which cannot be precisely fixed 
there began a series of invasions or waves of Keltic invasion 
from the Continent. 
And here it must be noted that in speaking of these Kelts we 
do not generally mean the Kelts of Gaul, who are described to 
us by Cesar, but those races who are associated with each 
other on philological grounds. The first of these waves may 
have reached Britain not later than 1,000 B.C., possibly much 
earlier. They were Aryan in origin, buried in round barrows, 
and practised cremation. Philologically they are known as 
the O Kelts, to distinguish them from their successors, the 
P Kelts, who came later, and are called by Professor Rhys, 
Brythons. The Q Kelts drove the Picts gradually further and 
further back till they occupied a small tract in the east of Scot- 
land. Meanwhile, the Q Kelts or Goidels, or Gaels, spread 
over England and into Ireland. Their successors, the P Kelts 
as they are called because the letter Q in Gaelic is represented in 
their tongue by P (e.g.,‘‘ Mac’”’ in Gaelic is ‘‘ Map’ in Welsh), drove 
the Goidels back into Ireland and Scotland, and in their turn 
were driven out of the south or south-east of England by the 
invasion of the Belgae, who were partly of Teutonic descent, 
and were the tribe who gave so much trouble to Cesar. It was 
probably after their immigration that owing to their position 
on both sides of the Channel we have the development of 
a new trade route by the Rhone and the Seine, though it must 
not be forgotten that the tin trade (the cause of the earlier 
trade route), had begun to decline by the time of the second 
century before Christ. 
To go back once more to our Lansdown tumulus, I think 
that there can be no reasonable doubt that it is the last resting 
place of some Goidelic chief, who, possibly, living in the age 
of the round barrows, of bronze implements, and of hand- 
made pottery, dwelt in this neighbourhood, possibly 
nearly a thousand years before the beginning of our 
era. His folk may have possibly occupied in time of stress 
