SCALE-INSECTS, BARK-LICE, MEALY-BUGS. 221 
covering themselves with a thick coating of whitish wax. ‘The 
pupa begins to form within the larval skin, the parts of the future 
adult becoming gradually distinct, and a pair of long, waxy fila- 
ments, which continue to grow during the life of the insect, is 
excreted from near the anus. It is the protrusion of these fila- 
ments from beneath the waxy scale which indicates the approach- 
ing appearance of the male. The posterior end of the scale is 
in this manner raised up, and the perfect insect backs out with 
its wings held close to the sides of the body. 
a 
ic. 180b—Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rathv.: a, egg before hatching; b, egg after 
hatching; c, newly hatched: larva, ventral view—greatly enlarged, natural 
size indicated in circles. After Div. of Entomology, Dep. of Agriculture. 
“Meanwhile the female larvae have been undergoing but 
slight changes of form. They grow larger and broader across 
the posterior portion, but the scales remain flat, and with but a 
slight indication of a dorsal carina. Just before the appéarance 
of the adult males they undergo another moult and change in 
color from a uniform pale yellow to a somewhat deeper yellow 
with deep-red markings. 
“The males appear during August and the early part of 
September, seek the females and then die. The females grad- 
ually lose their bright-red markings, changing to a deep-brown 
color, becoming more convex, and the dorsal layer of wax be- 
comes thicker and more carinated. They do not lose the power 
