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55 
set in on that day, lasting through the 15th, succeeded by several heavy showers between 
that and August Ist. All of the solutions except the two containing copper, Nos. 4 and 
5, were easily washed off. 
Early in October the apples were gathered and assorted into three classes, those 
entirely free from scab, those slightly, and the badly scabby. The apples in each class 
were then counted and weighed, with the following result: The trees sprayed with 
potassium sulphide yielded 1,944 apples free from scab, weighing 4414 tb; 5,659 were 
slightly scabby, weighing 1,1713 tb ; 15 were bady scabby, weighing 2 Ib; that is 25.5 
per cent. were free, 74.3 per cent. slightly scabby, and 0.2 per cent. badly scabby. With 
sodium hypo-sulphite 1,715 were free, weighing 419# Ib ; 5,484 slightly scabby, weighing 
1,218? lb; 65 badly scabby, weighing 10} Ib; or 23.6 per cent. free, 75.4 per cent. 
slightly, and 0.89 per cent. badly scabby. With the sulphur solution 1,010 were free, 
weighing 278 tb; 4,643 slightly, weighing 1,146? Ib; 65 badly scabby, weighing 10} bb ; 
which is 17.6 free, 81.2 slightly, and 1.1 per cent. badly scabby. Copper carbonate with 
ammonia give 4,289 free, weighing 1,107} lb ; 4,067 slightly scabby, weighing 913} bb ; 
13 badly, weighing 2 Ib ; which is 51.2 per cent. free, 48.6 slightly, and 0.16 per cent. 
badly scabby. The two sprayed with modified eau celeste yielded 3,983 free, weighing 
1,174 tb; 1,178 slightly, weighing 5194 Ib ; 11 badly, weighing 2 Ib; or 68.8 per cent. 
free, 31.0 per cent. slightly, and 0.2 per cent. badly scabby. A marked difference is seen 
in the product of the two trees not sprayed, of which only 365 apples, weighing 101 tb 
were free from scab ; 2,498, weighing 6814 ib were slightly, and 51,weighing 13} tb were 
badly scabby ; that is, only 12.5 per cent. were clean, 85.7 per cent. were slightly scabby, 
and 1.8 per cent. badly. 
The chemicals used were bought at the drug store in small quantities, costing as 
follows: Potassium sulphide 40 cents per Ib, sodium hyposulphite 6 cents, copper car- 
benate 60 cents, copper sulphate 10 cents, sodium carbonate 5 cents, and ammonia 3d 
cents a quart. At these prices the cost of five applications per tree, including labor, was 
for potassium sulphide 20c., sodium hyposulphite 124c., copper carbonate and ammonia 
- 25c., modified eau celeste 30c. 
The experimenter is of the opinion that if the spring and early summer should be 
comparatively dry three applications at intervals of four weeks of either of the copper 
mixtures will be sufficient. If the spring should be cold and wet five sprayings at inter- 
vals of every three weeks will be required. When the trees are sprayed just after the 
blossoms fall for the codlin moth, the fungicide may be added to the solution of Paris 
green, thereby saving all extra labor in the first application. When large orchards are 
to be sprayed the chemicals can be purchased at wholesale, thereby effecting a consider- 
able saving in cost of material. 
It-will be seen that the copper mixtures are by for the most efficacious, therefore 
passing the others by, we give the formula for preparing these as recommended by Mr. 
Taft in his very interesting and valuable report. 
Copper carbonate and ammonia. Mix three ounces of copper carbonate with one 
quart of ammonia, and as soon as all action has ceased dilute with water to twenty-eight 
allons. 
‘ Moditied eau celeste. Dissolve two pounds of copper sulphate in hot water ; in 
another vessel dissolve two pounds and a half of carbonate of soda, When both are fully 
dissolved mix the solutions together. Before using add a pint and a half of ammonia 
and then dilute to thirty or thirty-two gallons with water. 
It will be noticed that the best results were obtained with this last mentioned mix- 
ture, and there seems to be good reason to believe that in the case of varieties subject to 
the scab fully fifty per cent. wiil be added to the value of the crop by its use. 
I am just in receipt of reply from Prof. Taft. He thinks that the ammonia if added 
to the Paris green just before using would dissolve the arsenic to only a slight extent. 
He adds however that he feels like recommending the following formula for the first two 
applications, viz., dissolve in hot water 2 pounds of sulphate of copper. In another vessel 
dissolve 2 tb of carbonate of soda; mix in a tub; after all action has ceased dilute to 32 
gallons. There would be no danger of dissolving the arsenic by adding this to the Paris 
green. He believes, however, that the copper solution alone will have sufficient poison- 
