324 APPENDIX. 
poglossus or halibut; the platessa, flounder, fluke and flat-fish; the 
pleuronectes or turbot ; and the achirus or sole. 
_ Of the apodals, or those without lower fins, we have the anguil- 
lidcB or eels, and the genus conger or conger eel, and the ammodytes 
or sand-lance. 
The subdivision lopliobranchii^ which is distinguished by having 
little tufts at the gills, has the following families : 
The syngnathidcB, which have the body armed with transverse 
plates, and have a large gill-cover and single dorsal. It includes the 
syngnathus or pipe-fish, and the Mppocampus or sea-horse. 
The subdivision plectonatJii have concealed gills and a narrow 
fissure for gill opening; the family gymnodontidm has in lieu of 
teeth a bony substance like enamel, and includes the diodon or 
balloon-fish and the tetraodon or swell-fish, both of which can inflate 
themselves. The family halistidce is represented by the file or 
fool-fish. 
Of the cartilaginous fish the eleutlieropomi have free gills with a 
strong cover, but no rays, and include the family of the sturionidce^ 
which have large bony plates in longitudinal rows and a mouth 
underneath and toothless. The genus acipenser or sturgeon is alone 
common. 
The order plagiostojiii has fixed gills without cover ; the family 
squalidcB^ which has the gill-holes never underneath, comprises the 
carcharias or shark, the lamna or mackerel shark, the mustettus or 
dog-fish, the selachus or basking shark, and the zygcena or hammer- 
headed shark. 
The family raiidm has a flattened body, large pectorals and bran- 
chial openings underneath. It comprises the rays, the skates and 
the devil-fish. 
The order cyclostomi includes the ioxmlj p>etro7nyzonid(B^ which has 
neither pectorals nor ventrals, comprising the petromyzon or sea- 
lamprey and the ammoccetes or common lamprey. 
These are the principal varieties of fish found in the waters of the 
northern section of America according to their scientific designa- 
tions and their confused and intricate popular appellations. Perhaps 
in time, with the difi'usion of knowledge and the efforts of sportsmen, 
uniformity may be obtained, and the language of Massachusetts be 
comprehensible to the inhabitants of Iowa. To effect this object 
should be the desire of all, and it is to be hoped that naturalists and 
sportsmen will mutually aid one another by ascertaining the appro- 
priate name of each species, and when ascertained, by applying it 
invariably. 
