184 Barbury Castle. 
layer between a green core and the blue surface layer of the glass ; 
by removal of the blue layer three white spots are left at equidistant 
places on the bead. ‘The occurrence of characteristic Samian ware 
and other forms of Roman pottery was confined to the rectangular 
circumvallation, the Roman character of which cannot be doubted. 
The best of these specimens are now, by the kindness of Mrs. 
Kemble, placed in the County Museum at Devizes. 
The part which the mounded hill-forts were constructed to play 
may be gathered from the history of one of them. Old Sarum was 
the Sorbiodunum of the Romans, a name evidently latinized from a 
Celtic one for a dun or fortress—Searo-dun,perhaps ; as Searo-burh was 
its form when Saxons first expressed it in their tongue. Originally 
a bold mound of chalk, it stands in a commanding position, and 
must have been almost by nature a fortress. The long-head race of 
earliest inhabitants of England—the men of the rude stone imple- 
ments—may have learned the need of earth defences. They certainly 
understood earthworks and the building of barrows, but their works 
would needs be rude. It seems not impossible, however, that their 
defences in that early stage of fortification were for protection as much 
against the larger animals as men, and may have been formed with 
the foss inside and the bank or vad/um towards the foe. Ringsbury, 
Avebury, and Wansdyke, it may be, and some other dykes of this 
description, would, in such case, have been the work of this age of 
“the old men.” After them came other races. A second race, short 
of skull and taller of stature, were more refined. Their implements 
are worked by art, and they were acquainted with the use of bronze. 
But the chronologists and archeologists have much yet to do to clear 
up the obscurity that enshrouds the history and origin of the different 
hordes of men that passed over the land before the advent of the 
Romans, The earlier race, or races, appear to have been akin to 
the Basques—a later one that spread through the northern centre of 
England, seems to have had Finnish characteristics. Successive 
waves of Gael and Gaul swept over the south and west, probably 
enslaving the survivors of the long-head inhabitants, and to the 
Gaulish race the Belgz belonged who, shortly before the advent of 
the Romans, began a career of conquest over the country in which 
