226 On the Seals of the Bishops of Salisbury. 
noticed a very perfect one on the tomb of Bishop Richard of Kilkenny 
in Ely Cathedral, cirea 1256. Four or five of the Norwich seals 
also seem to have it, and Demay gives three forms of it, though not 
under the name rationale (Figs. 350, 354, 355, ef. pp. 283, 284). 
Some Bishops also had the pad/ium (l.c. p. 291), but what looks like 
it is often only a pattern on the chasuble. 
In all these the legend round the figure is of exactly the same 
type (with slight differences of spelling in the words Saresdiriensis, 
and gratia), viz., Hubertus or Herbertus or Robertus dei gratia Sares- 
biriensis, or Saresberiensis Episcopus, always, that is to say, in the 
nominative case, and always with the formula dei gratia, which 
indeed is universal with us up to the Reformation, and all but uni- 
versal in other English dioceses. In Scotland after 1450, the words 
begin to be dropped. In one of our seals, that of Robert de Wyke- 
hampton, the letters R. II. to right and left of the figure seem to 
represent Robert II. In seals of this class the name of the city 
seems to be spelt always with an “e” as the second vowel, and 
generally with an “i” as the third; that is, Saresbiriensis (once 
Sarresbiriensis, with two rrs, and twice Saresberiensis). This spelling 
is in fact the usual one up to the Reformation. Sarum is found 
from 1330 onwards, but not at all regularly. Sarisburiensis appears 
in 1428, as an isolated instance, and from Jewel onwards is the 
regular form. 
The most distinctive and characteristic mark of the legends of our 
first class is the use of the nominative case, instead of Sigil/wm with 
the genitive. Mr. Hope does not very clearly discriminate the 
frequency of the use of the two legends Ricardus and Sigillum 
Ricardi, though the three earliest that he notices have Sigid/um with 
the genitive, and then follow two in the nominative. Up to 1805 
(he writes) “ the nominative and genitive cases are used indiscrimi- 
nately, and I could not lay down any general rule for them.” After 
1805 the genitive form alone is used, and this agrees with the 
evidence of our series with one exception, one of those of Roger de 
Mortival, 1815. The Scottish seals have regularly Sigi//um with 
the genitive, with three exceptions in the twelfth and thirteenth 
centuries (Vol, I., 903 ; Vol II., 1002, 1048), and one, remarkably 
