278 Stanley Abbey. 
to the Holy Land in the Third Crusade. Another, given at West- 
minster, attested (among other witnesses) by Hubert, Bishop of 
Sarum; and one, given at Portsmouth a few years Jater, attested 
by the same Hubert after he had become Archbishop of Canterbury. 
Among the privileges granted in these charters are the valuable 
rights of pasture and pannage and of taking timber for building, 
and firewood in the forest of Chippenham. Pannage here means 
the liberty of turning in free of payment the swine to feed on the 
beech mast and acorns; and as swine were thus easily fed on the 
food of Nature’s providing, they were often kept in great numbers 
in early times when the forests occupied such large tracts of country. 
As one of these charters of Richard had been lost and altered, the 
King grants another to supply its place, a few months before his 
death, while away in the French wars, in 1198. Those who are 
familiar with the scenery of Normandy may recollect the imposing 
ruins of Chateau Gaillard, on the high chalk cliff akove the Seine, 
at Le Petit Andely, and may feel interest in being reminded that 
this charter was given, apud rupem Andeli; that is, in this castle 
recently built by Richard in the space of a year in mocking defiance 
of Philip Augustus, to command the passage of the Seine between 
Paris and Rouen, and to stand as the bulwark of this portion of his 
Norman possessions. Even in distant lands the King was not un- 
mindful of the interests of the Wiltshire abbey which his grand- 
mother had founded. There are charters of John; of Henry III ; 
and grants and confirmations of succeeding kings. Edward III. 
gives to “our beloved in Christ, brother John, Abbot of Stanley, 
in the County of Wilts, and the monks serving God therein,” the 
patronage of the Church of a place as distant as Rye, in Sussex, 
with those profits from the fisheries which belonged to the King. 
This charter is witnessed by William of Wykeham, afterwards 
Bishop of Winchester, the founder of New College, Oxford, to which 
he gave not only lands and possessions but his noble motto, Manners 
Makyth Man. 
The buildings of Stanley Abbey would seem to have been of 
considerable extent, as on several occasions they were able to receive — 
kings and their company. And though even kings in those days 
