MOSQUITOES. 195 



Another species belonging to a different genus, is illus- 

 trated in fig. 158; it is less common, and readily recognized 

 by the spotted appearance of the wings; it is Aiiapheles 

 quadrimacuJatus Say. 



There are a large number of other species of flies which 

 occasionally torment man and his four-footed servants, but 

 it would take too much space to give their history and illus- 

 trate their forms. Flies, small and insignificant as they 

 seem, can oppose a stronger barrier to man's explorations 

 than lofty mountains or swift streams. 



L. BUGS 

 {Hem{2)tera) . 



Bugs or Half-wing insects, have received the latter name 

 by being characterized by having the basal half of the front- 

 wings leathery, while the apical half is thin and membrana- 

 ceous. Below^ these upper wings is a pair of larger and thin 

 wings, w^hich are mainly used for flight. The wings, at rest, 

 are crossed flatly over the back. In this order of insects it is 

 not alone the adult or winged insect and its larva that takes 

 food, but the pupa is equally active and hungry. The beak 

 is a horny, pointed, tapering, three- or four-jointed tube 

 (labium), which is inserted beneath the front of the head. 

 Four stiff bristles (mandibles and maxillae) are enclosed in 

 this tube, and these are adapted for piercing vegetable or 

 animal tissues. The setaceous maxillee and mandibles, the 

 latter armed with recurved teeth, are inserted, and a drop 

 of poison is injected at the same time, which accounts for 

 the inflammation caused by the bites of such insects. Bugs 

 sucking the juice of plants possess usually a long and slen- 

 der beak; those sucking blood have a curved, short and thick 

 one. The former can become very destructive, as for in- 

 stance, the well-known chinch-bug, mentioned elsewhere in 

 this report. There are also a large number of true bugs that 

 will attack warm-blooded animals if opportunity offers, yet 

 but very few make it their business to do so constantly, and 

 these have in the course of time become veritable blood-suck- 

 ing parasites. 



