10 
(2) In ease of spraying apple orchards for the codling-moth there is 
scarcely a possibility of injury to the consumer of the fruit. A mathe- 
matical computation will quickly show that where the poison is used in 
the proportion of 1 pound to 200 gallons of water (the customary pro- 
portion) the arsenic will be so distributed through the water that it will 
be impossible for a sufficient quantity to collect upon any given apple 
to have the slightest injurious effect upon the consumer. In fact, such 
a computation will indicate beyond all peradventure that it will be nec- 
essary for an individual to consume several barrels of apples at a single 
meal in order to absorb a fatal dose even should this enormous meal be 
eaten soon after the spraying and should the consumer eat the entire 
fruit. 
(3) As a matter of fact careful microscopic examinations have been 
made of the fruit and foliage of sprayed trees at various intervals after 
spraying which indicate that after the water has evaporated the poison 
soon entirely disappears either through being blown off by the wind or 
washed off by rains, so that after fifteen days hardly the minutest trace 
can be discovered. 
(4) In the line of actual experiment as indicating the very finely 
divided state of the poison and the extremely small quantity which is 
used to each tree Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural Col- 
lege, has conducted some striking experiments. A thick paper was 
placed under an apple tree which was thoroughly sprayed on a windy 
day so that the dripping was rather excessive. After the dripping had 
ceased, the paper (covering a space of 72 square feet) was analyzed and 
four-tenths of a grain of arsenic was found. Another tree was thor- 
oughly sprayed and subsequently the grass and clover beneath it was 
carefully cut and fed to a horse without the slightest sign of injury. 
The whole matter was well summed up by Professor Riley in a re- 
cent lecture before the Lowell Institute, in Boston, in the following 
words: 
The latest sensational report of this kind was the rumor, emanating from London, 
within the last week, that American apples were being rejected for fear that their 
use was unsafe. If we consider for a moment how minute is the quantity of arsenic 
that can, under the most favorable circumstances, remain in the calyx of an apple, 
we shall see at once how absurd this fear is; for, even if the poison that originally 
killed the worm remained intact, one would have to eat many barrels of apples at: 
a meal to get a sufficient quantity to poison a human being. Moreover, much of the 
poison is washed off by rain, and some of it is thrown off by natural growth of the 
apple, so that there is, as arule, nothing left of the poison in the garnered fruit. 
Add to this the further fact that few people eat apples raw without casting away 
the calyx and stem ends, the only parts where any poison could, under the most 
favorable circumstances, remain, and that these parts are always cut away in cook- 
ing, and we see how utterly groundless are any fears of injury and how useless any 
prohibitive measures against American apples on this score. 
