13 
copper carbonate at an expense for materials of approximately 18 cents 
per pound. The copper-carbonate paste may be immediately dissolved 
in aqua ammonia, using 2 gallons of the latter, or as much as may be 
necessary for the purpose. This concentrated fluid should be kept in 
well corked jugs and when ready for use should be diluted at the rate 
of 1 pint to 12 gallons of water. 
3.—_EAU CELESTE. 
Dissolve 2 pounds of copper sulphate in 8 gallons of water. When 
completely dissolved add 3 pints of strong ammonia and dilute to 45 
gallons. Prepared in this way the solution will cost about two-thirds 
of a cent per gallon. 
4.—_MODIFIED EAU CELESTE. 
Dissolve 4 pounds of copper sulphate in 10 or 12 gallons of water 
and stir in 5 pounds of washing or sal soda; then add 3 pints of strong 
aqua ammonia, dilute to 45 gallons. The cost will be 14 cents per 
gallon. 
HOW AND WHEN TO SPRAY. 
It should always be borne in mind that no hard and fast rules can be 
laid down for work of this kind. Frequently the fruit-grower will have 
to use his own judgment, especially as regards the number of sprayings 
and the proper time to discontinue them. If this be not done serious 
results may follow. In the treatment of black-rot of the grape we have 
known vine-growers to continue the application of Bordeaux mixture 
through a protracted drought up to the time of ripening of the fruit. 
As a result when the time arrived to send the grapes to market they 
were so badly spotted with the mixture that no one would buy them. 
Again we have found fruit-growers thoroughly imbued with the idea 
that the only proper way to spray was to rush through an orchard or 
vineyard with some new-fangled complicated machine, applying the so- 
lutions in daubs at one point and omitting whole trees or blocks of vines 
at another. Such work is to be regretted, as it may be the cause of 
much loss to those who have acted carefully and intelligently in the 
matter. For example, in the case of the grape scare in New York City 
the past summer grape-growers all over the country were made to suffer, 
partly through the folly of a few overzealous individuals who upon 
their own responsibility made more applications than were necessary and 
partly through the action of a somewhat hasty Board of Health. 
Before taking up the subject of treatments proper it may be well to 
emphasize the importance and necessity of using the right kind of ma- 
chinery. A sprayer to be effective requires first of all a good strong 
force pump. Next in importance is a nozzle that will throw amist-like 
spray and will not clog when thick fluids are used. There are plenty 
of machines on the market filling all these requirements, For conven- 
