16 
and injecting plows are employed in France to put the bisulphide into 
the soil about the vines, but a short stick or iron bar may be made to 
take the place of these injectors for limited traets. 
For root maggots a teaspoonful is poured into a hole at the base of 
the plant, covering as above. 
For ant nests an ounce of the substance is poured into each of sev- 
eral holes made in the space occupied by the ants, the openings being 
then closed, or the action is made more rapid by covering with a wet 
blanket for ten minutes and then exploding the vapor at. the mouth of 
the holes with a torch, the explosion driving the fumes more thoroughly 
through thie soil. 
Submersion.—This very successful means against the phylloxera 
is now practiced over some 75,000 acres of vineyards in France which 
were once destroyed by the grape root-louse, and the production 
and quality of fruit has been fully restored. In this country it will 
be particularly available in California and in all arid districts where 
irrigation is practiced, otherwise it will be toG expensive to be 
profitable, The best results are secured in soils in which the water 
will penetrate rather slowly, or from 6 to 18 inches in twenty-four 
hours; in loose, sandy soils it is impracticable on account of the great 
amount of water required. Submersion consists in keeping the soil of 
the vineyard flooded for from eight to twenty days after the fruit has 
been gathered and active growth of the vine ceased, or during Septem- 
ber or October, but while the phylloxera is still in active development. 
Early in September eight to ten days will suffice; in October, fifteen to 
twenty days, and during the winter, as was formerly practiced, forty to 
sixty days. Supplementing the short fall submergence a liberal July 
irrigation, amounting to a forty-eight-hour flooding, is customary to 
reach any individuals surviving the fall treatment, and which at this 
season are very susceptible to the action of water. 
To facilitate the operation vineyards are commonly divided by 
embankments of earth into square or rectangular plots, the former for 
level and the latter for sloping ground, the walls being protected by 
coverings of reed grass, ete., during the first year, or until they can be 
seeded to some forage plant. 
This treatment will reach other root-attacking insects or those hiber- 
nating beneath the soil, and, in fact, is a very ancient practice in certain 
oriental countries bordering the Black Sea and the Grecian Archipel- 
ago. 
REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AFFECTING GRAIN AND OTHER STORED 
PRODUCTS. 
The chief loss in this direction from insects is to grains in farmers’ 
bins, or grain or grain products in stores, mills, and elevators. For- 
tunately, the several important grain insects are amenable to like treat- 
ment, Aside from various important preventive considerations, such 

