22 
enemies of such crops. A most valuable cultural means, theretore, is 
a system of rotation of crops which will prevent the gradual yearly 
increase of the enemies of any particular staple by the substitution 
every year or two of other cultures not subject to the attacks of the 
insect enemies of the first. 
With such insects as the Hessian fly, the squash borers, and many 
others which have regular times of appearance, much can be done, 
also, by the planting ot early or late varieties, or by deferring seeding 
so as to avoid the periods of excessive danger. Wherever possible, 
varieties should be selected which experience has shown to be resistant 
to insect attack. Familiar illustrations of such resistant varieties in 
all classes of cultivated plants will occur to every practical man, and a 
better instance of the benefit to be derived from taking advantage of 
this knowledge can not be given than the almost universal adoption of 
resistant American vines as stocks for the regeneration of the vineyards 
of France destroyed by the phylloxera. 
In the case of stored grain pests, particularly the Angoumois moth, 
or so-called fly weevil, the chief danger in the South is while the grain 
is standing in shock or stack, after harvesting, during which period the 
insects have easy access to it. This source of infestation may be 
avoided by promptly threshing grain after harvesting and storing it in 
bulk. This will prevent the injury of more than the surface layer, as 
the insects are not likely to penetrate deeply into the mass of the grain. 
These general notes are by no means new, but their importance jus- 
tifies their repetition, as indicating the best preventive measures in 
connection with the remedial ones already given. 
THE PROFIT IN REMEDIAL MEASURES. 
The,overwhelming experience of the past dozen years'makes it almost 
unnecessary to urge, on the ground of pecuniary returns, the adoption 
of the measures recommended in the foregoing pages against insects. 
To emphasize the value of such practice, it is only necessary to eall 
attention to the fact that the loss to orchard, garden, and farm erops 
frequently amounts to from 15 to 75 per cent of the entire product, and 
innumerable instances could be pointed out where such loss has been 
sustained year after year, while now, by the adoption of remedial meas- 
ures, large yields are regularly secured with an insignificant expendi- 
ture for treatment. It has been established that in the case of the 
apple crop, spraying will protect from 50 to 75 per cent of the fruit 
which would otherwise be wormy, and that in actual marketing experi- 
ence the price has been enhanced from $1 to $2.50 per barrel, and this 
at a cost of only about 10 cents per tree for labor and material. 
In the ease of one orchard in Virginia, only one-third of which was 
sprayed, the result was an increase in the yield of sound fruit in the 
portion treated of nearly 50 per cent, and an increase of the value of 
this fruit over the rest of 100 per cent. The loss from not having treated 

