14 
ole) on citrus plants, and the last named and the San Jose scale (A spi- 
diotus perniciosus) on deciduous plants, and will be of use in all similar 
climates where the occurrence of comparatively rainless seasons insures 
the continuance of the wash on the trees for a considerable period, and 
where, owing to the warmth, the multiplication of the scale insects 
continues almost without interruption throughout the year. Where 
rains are liable to occur at short intervals, and in the Northern States, 
the quicker-acting and stronger kerosene washes and heavy soap appli- 
cations are preferable. The resin wash acts by contact, having a 
certain caustic effect, but principally by forming an impervious, smoth- 
ering coating over the scale insects. The application may be more 
liberal than with the kerosene washes, the object being to wet the bark 
thoroughly. 
The wash may be made as follows: 
ING hd Spee SoS DRGEO ESE Once Sas5 aso gRoSoeo aaampescas soca gseesc pounds... 20 
Wr ei caws hie SOC al (Simp elrc Cl) kerala ee alee dozctan, 1D 
TIE) a Que biseacineos Goaccolssae Shp sga'cacs S000 oes Sabaas ankb esse pints... 24 
Water to make......-...---- ------ ---- + --- 2+ 222222 ee - 2-2 oo gallons.. 100 
Ordinary commercial resin is used, and the caustic soda is that put 
up for soap establishments, in large 200-pound drums. Smaller quanti- 
ties may be obtained at soap factories, or the granulated caustic soda 
(98 per cent) used—33 pounds of the latter being the equivalent of 
pounds of the former. Place these substances, with the oil, in a kettle 
with water to cover them to a depth of 5 or 4 inches. Boil about two 
hours, making oceasional additions of water, or until the compound 
resembles very strong, black coffee. Dilute to one-third the final bulk 
with hot water, or with cold water added slowly over the fire, making 
a stock mixture, to be diluted to the full amount as used. When 
sprayed the mixture should be perfectly fluid, without sediment, and 
should any appear in the stock mixture reheating should be resorted 
to, and in fact the wash is preferably applied hot. 
As a winter wash for scale insects, and particularly for the more 
resistant San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), stronger washes are 
necessary. In southern California, for this latter insect, the equivalent 
of a dilution one-third less, or 662 gallons instead of 100, has given 
very good satisfaction. In Maryland, with this insect, it has proved 
necessary to use the wash at 6 times the summer strength to destroy all 
of the well-protected hibernating scales; and with other seale insects 
much stronger mixtures than those used in California have proved inef- 
fectualin the East. For regions, therefore, with moderately severe win- 
ters, the use of the resin wash to destroy hibernating scale insects seems 
inadvisable. 
THE LIME, SALT, AND SULPHUR WASH. 
This is the almost invariable remedy for the San Jose scale in Cali- 
fornia, and over much of the State it is undoubtedly very effective. 
Experience with this wash in the Hast had thrown doubt on its real 

