23 
The object in spraying is to coat every leaf and part of the plant as 
lightly as compatible with thoroughness, and to avoid waste in doing 
this a mist spray is essential. The application to any part should stop 
when water begins to drip from the leaves. A light rain will not remove 
the poison, but a dashing one will probably necessitate a renewal of 
the application. 
REMEDIES FOR SUBTERRANEAN INSECTS. 
Almost entire dependence is placed on the caustic washes, or those 
that act externally, for insects living beneath the soil on the roots of 
plants, including both sucking and biting insects, prominent among 
which are the white grubs, maggots in roots of cabbage, radishes, 
onions, etc., cutworms, wireworms, apple and peach root-lice, the grape 
phylloxera, and many others. 
The insecticide must be one that will go into solution and be carried 
down by water. Of this sort are the kerosene emulsions and resin 
wash—the former preferable—the potash fertilizers, muriate and kainit, 
and bisulphide of carbon. The simple remedies are in applications of 
strong soap or tobacco washes to the soil about the crown; or soot, 
ashes, or tobacco dust buried about the roots; also similarly employed 
are lime and gas lime. Submersion, wherever the practice of irriga- 
tion or the natural conditions make it feasible, has also proved of the 
greatest service against the phylloxera. 
HOT WATER. 
As ameans of destroying root-lice, and particularly the woolly louse 
of the apple, the most generally recommended measure hitherto is the 
use of hot water, and this, while being both simple and inexpensive, 
is thoroughly effective, as has been demonstrated by practical expe- 
rience. Water at nearly the boiling point may be applied about the 
base of young trees without the slighest danger of injury to the trees, 
and should be used in sufficient quantity to wet the soil thoroughly to 
a depth of several inches, as the lice may penetrate nearly a foot below 
the surface. To facilitate the wetting of the roots and the extermina- 
tion of the lice, as much of the surface soil as possible should be first 
removed, 
By a hot-water bath slightly infested stock can easily be freed of 
the aphides at the time of its removal from the nursery rows. The 
soil should be dislodged and the roots pruned, and in batches of a 
dozen or so the roots and lower portion of the trunk should be im- 
mersed for a few seconds in water kept at a temperature of 130° to 
150° F. A strong soap solution similarly heated or a fifteen times 
diluted kerosene emulsion will give somewhat greater penetration and 
be more effective, although the water alone at the temperature named 
Should destroy the lice. 
Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed, since it would be 
worth little even with the aphides removed. 
