26 
in California and in all arid districts where irrigation is practiced; 
otherwise it will be too expensive to be profitable. The best results 
are secured in soils in which the water will penetrate rather slowly, or 
from 6 to18 inches in twenty-four hours; in loose, sandy soils it is 
impracticable on account of the great amount of water required. Sub- 
mersion consists in keeping the soil of the vineyard flooded for from 
eight to twenty days after the fruit has been gathered and active 
growth of the vine ceased, or during September or October, but while 
the phylloxera is still in active development. Early in September eight 
to ten days will suffice; in October, fifteen to twenty days, and during 
the winter, as was formerly practiced, forty to sixty days. Supple- 
menting the short fall submergence a liberal July irrigation, amounting 
to a forty-eight-hour flooding, is customary to reach any individuals 
surviving the fall treatment, and which in midsummer are very suscep- 
tible to the action of water. 
To facilitate the operation, vineyards are commonly divided by 
embankments of earth into square or rectangular plots, the former for 
level and the latter for sloping ground, the retaining walls being pro- 
tected by coverings of reed grass, etc., during the first year, or until 
they may be seeded to some forage plant. 
This treatment will destroy many other root-attacking insects and 
those hibernating beneath the soil, and, in fact, is a very ancient prac- 
tice in certain oriental countries bordering the Black Sea and the 
Grecian Archipelago. 
REMEDIES FOR INSECTS AFFECTING GRAIN AND OTHER STORED 
PRODUCTS. 
GENERAL METHODS OF TREATMENT. 
The chief loss in this direction from insects is to grains in farmers’ 
bins, or grain or grain products in stores, mills, and elevators, although 
in the warmer latitudes much of the injury results from infestation in 
the field between the ripening of the grain and its storage in bins or 
geranaries. Fortunately, the several important grain insects are ame- 
nable to like treatment. Aside from various important preventive con- 
siderations, such as, in the South, prompt threshing of grain after 
harvesting, the thorough cleansing of bins before refilling, constant 
sweeping, removal of waste harboring insects from all parts of granaries 
and mills, and care to prevent the introduction of ‘“ weeviled” grain, 
there are three valuable remedial measures, viz, agitation of the grain, 
heating, and dosing with bisulphide of carbon. 
The value of agitating or handling grain is well known, and when- 
ever, as in elevators, grain can be transferred or poured from one bin 
into another grain pests are not likely to trouble. The benefit will 
depend upon the frequeney and thoroughness of the agitation, and in 
France machines for shaking the grain violently have been used with 
