22 
are to be removed, the latter will be found free from bees at the time of 
removal, provided all brood has been kept out of the supers. 
Grading and shipping comb honey.—Before marketing the honey it 
should be carefully graded, and all propolis (‘‘bee-glue”), if there be 
any, scraped from the edges of the sections. In grading for the city 
markets the following rules are, in the main, observed. They were 
adopted by the North American Bee-Keepers’ Association at its twenty- 
third annual convention, held in Washington, D. C., in December, 
1892, and are copied from the official report of that meeting. 
Fancy.—All sections to be well filled; combs straight, of even thickness, and firmly 
attached to all four sides; both wood and comb unsoiled by travel stain or other- 
wise; all cells sealed except the row of cells next to the wood. 
No. 1.—All sections well filled, but with combs crooked or uneven, detached at the 
bottom, or with but few cells 
= unsealed; both wood and comb 
= unsoiled by travel stain or 
otherwise. 
In addition to the above, 
honey is to be classified, accord- 
ing to color, into light, amber, 
and dark. For instance, there 
will be “fancy light,” ‘fancy 
amber,” and ‘fancy dark,” 
‘No. 1 light,” “No. 1 amber,” 
and ‘‘No. 1 dark.” 













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The sections, after grad- 
ing and scraping, are to be 
placed in clean shipping cases having glass in one or both ends (fig. 14). 
Several of these may be placed in a single crate for shipment. To pre- 
vent breaking down of the combs it is best to put straw in the bottom 
of the crate for the shipping cases to rest on, and the crates should be 
so placed as to keep the combs in a perpendicular position. The crates 
are also likely to be kept right side up if convenient handles are 
attached to the sides—preferably strips with the ends projecting 
beyond the corners. Care in handling will generally be given if the 
glass in the shipping cases shows. 
Fia. 14.—Shipping cases for comb honey. 
- 
PRODUCTION OF WAX. 
No method has yet been brought forward which will enable one at 
the present relative prices of honey and wax to turn the whole working 
force of the bees, or even the greater part of it, into the production of 
wax instead of honey; in fact, the small amount of wax produced inci- 
dentally in apiaries managed for extracted or for section honey is usu- 
ally turned into honey the foilowing season; that is, it is made into 
comb foundation, which is then employed in the same hives to increase 
their yield of marketable honey. It is even the case that in most 
apiaries managed on approved modern methods more pounds of foun- 
dation are employed than wax produced; hence less progressive bee 
