4 
These insects are, however, all amenable to successful treatment, 
and the loss may be very considerably limited if the proper methods 
of control are followed out. There are no remedies which apply gen- 
erally to grape insects except the highly important considerations of 
clean culture and particularly the prompt collection and burning of 
prunings and leaves in the fall. The latter will very materially check 
most of the leaf insects and the cane-borer. Other remedies are par- 
ticularized under each species. 
THE GRAPEVINE PHYLLOXERA. 
(Phylloxera vastatria Planch. ) 
This insect has always existed on our wild vines, yet it was not 
until it had been introduced abroad and began to ravage the vine- 

Fia.1.—Phylloxera vastatrix. a, leaf with galls; b, section of gall showing mother louse at 
center with young clustered about; c, egg; d, larva; e, adult female; f, same from side—a 
natural size, rest much enlarged (original). 
yards of the Old World that particular attention was drawn to it as a 
vine pest, or that anything definite was known of its habits. It 
appears in two destructive forms on the vine, the one forming little 
irregular spherical galls projecting from the underside of the leaves 
and the other subsisting on the roots and causing analogous enlarge- 
ments or swellings. The leaf form is the noticeable one and is very 
common on our wild and cultivated vines. The root form is rarely 
seen, but is the cause of the real injury done by this insect to the 
vine, and while hidden and usually unrecognized, its work is so dis- 
astrous to varieties especially liable to attack that death in a few 
years is almost sure to result. It first produces enlargements or lit- 
tle galls on the rootlets. As it extends to the larger roots these 
