8 
square yard over the entire surface of the vineyard, inserting the 
implement from 8 to 12 inches and not approaching within 1 foot of 
the base of the vine. The opening in the soil must be promptly 
closed with the foot. A large number of small doses is preferable to 
a few large ones. This treatment will ordinarily have to be repeated 
every year or two, and is therefore expensive and unsatisfactory 
and not to be recommended except where other means are not avail- 
able. 
Submersion.—Next to the use of resistant stocks, by far the best 
means against the phylloxera is in inundating vineyards at certain 
seasons of the year and for definite periods, being applicable where- 
ever irrigation is practiced or water may be applied without too great 
expense. Submerging as a means against insects is a very ancient 
practice in southern Russia and in Greece, but was first used against 
phylloxera in 1868, in France, and is now practiced wherever feasible. 
The best results are obtained in soils which water will penetrate rather 
slowly. In loose and sandy soils submersion is impracticable. For 
this treatment vineyards are commonly divided into rectangular plats 
by embankments of earth, the latter protected from erosion by plant- 
ing to some forage crop. As now practiced, the vines are inundated 
shortly after the fruit is gathered,when growth of the vines has ceased, 
but the phylloxera is still in full activity and much more readily 
destroyed than during the dormant winter season. The earlier the 
application the shorter the period required. During September from 
eight to fifteen days will suffice,and in October eighteen to twenty 
days, while if delayed until November a period of forty to sixty days 
will be needed. Copious irrigation at any time during the summer, if 
it ean be continued for forty-eight hours, will give very considerable 
relief from phylloxera. 
Planting in sand.—It was early observed that vines in very sandy 
soil were little subject to phylloxera injury; probably owing to the 
fact that the sand does not crack and allow the insects to escape and 
spread, being more thoroughly wetted with rains and subterranean 
moisture, and the insect is drowned out, as in submergence. The 
resistance is proportionate to the percentage of sand in the soil. In 
France vineyards are very successfully established on the sandy 
shores of the Mediterranean and in the alluvial sands of the valley 
of the Rhone and other streams. 
American stocks.—The use of American vines, either direct for the 
production of fruit or as stocks on which to graft susceptible Euro- 
pean and American varieties, has practically supplanted all other 
measures against phylloxera in most of the infested vineyards of the 
world. The immunity to root attack of American vines seems to be 
due to the thicker and denser bark covering of the roots and to 
greater natural vigor. All our vines are not equally resistant, and no 
vines are wholly immune, while several of our cultivated varieties, 
