THREE INSECT ENEMIES OF SHADE TREES. 
The space at command will not admit of a full treatment of the 
problem outlined in the [original] title of this article, and the writer 
has therefore brought together at this time some account of three species 
which are perhaps the most destructive among shade-tree insects, or 
which, at all events, have attravted the greatest attention during the 
past season. ‘To this he has added a brief consideration of the relative 
immunity of shade trees from insect attack, and some remarks on the 
subject of general work against shade-tree insects in cities and towns. 
One of the most striking features of the summer of 1895 has been 
the great abundance in many Eastern cities of several species of insects 


Fie. 1.—Bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemereformis). a, larva; b, head of same; c, male pupa; 
d, female pupa; e, adult female; f/, adult male—all enlarged (original). 
which attack shade trees. In almost every low-lying town from Char- 
lotte, N. C., north to Albany, N. Y., the elm leaf-beetle has defoliated 
the English elms and, in many cases, the American elms. In certain 
directions this insect has also extended its northern range, notably up 
the Connecticut River Valley. The authorities in a number of Eastern 
cities have taken the alarm, and active remedial work will be instituted 
during the coming season. In cities south of New York the bagworm 
has been gradually increasing for a number of years until it has 
become a serious enemy to shade and ornamental trees for almost the 
first time since 1879 or 1880 (figs. 1 and 2). The white-marked tussock 
moth, the caterpillar of which has been for many years the most seri- 
ous of the shade-tree pests in Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, and 
Boston, in 1895, for the first time within the recollection of the writer, 
o 
