6 
appeared in such numbers as to become of great importance in more 
southern cities, as Baltimore and Washington. The fall webworm 
(figs. 9, 10, and 11) was more abundant in Washington and the sur- 
rounding country than it has been since the summer of 1886. 
These four insects are the principal shade-tree defoliators in the 
Eastern States, if we except the imported gypsy moth, which is at 
present fortunately confined to the immediate vicinity of Boston, and 
is being cared for by a thoroughly capable State commission. While 
the summer of 1895 may with justice be called an exceptional one as 
regards the great increase of numbers, yet these insects are always 
present and do a certain amount of damage each season, and, when an 
exceptional season comes, as it did in 1895, city authorities seldom find 
themselves prepared 
to engage in an in- 
telligent and compre- 
hensive fight. 
In cities farther 
west other leaf-feed- 
‘ers take the place of 
those just mentioned. 
The principal ones 
are, perhaps, the oak 
Edema, the  cotton- 
wood leat-beetle, and 
the green-striped ma- 
ple worm. 
Several scale in- 
sects or bark lice are 
occasionally serious 
enemies to shade trees. 
Maples suffer espe- 
cially from their at- 
tacks. The cottony 
maple scale is found everywhere on all varieties of maple, and oceasion- 
ally in excessive abundance. The cottony maple leaf scale, a species 
imported from Europe, is rapidly gaining in importance, and in several 
New England towns it has, during the past season, seriously reduced the 
vitality of many trees. The so-called “ gloomy scale” has long been on 
the increase in Washington, D.C., and every year it kills large branches 
and even entire trees of the silver maples, which are so extensively 
erown along the streets of that city. 
Certain borers are also occasionally destructive to many shade trees, 
and, in fact, in the northern tier of States these are the most important 
of the shade-tree enemies, the principal leaf feeders being either absent 
or becoming single brooded. Where absent their places are taken by 
less destructive species. 

Fic. 2.—Bagworm at (a, DB, ¢ successive stages of growth. c¢, male 
5 4 Ss B 
bag; d, female bag—natural size (original). 
5 ’ 5 5 
