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13 
protected by the folding in of the leaves of the calyx that they will be 
beyond the reach of any poison later applied. In the northern portion 
of the United States, where the codling moth is single-brooded, this 
early treatment is all thatis necessary. With the exception, however, 
of rather limited districts, as, for example, northern New York and 
New England, the codling moth,is double, or more numerously, 
brooded, and spraying must be kept up until late in the season or until 
the fruit is half or two-thirds grown, and in such regions also the 
arsenical poisoning must be supplemented with the old banding sys- 
tem. A great many of the common leaf-feeding enemies of apple 
trees are destroyed by the arsenical treatment for the codling moth. 
For the curculio of the stone fruits—plum, cherry, peach, etc.—two 
or three applications should be made; the first as soon as the foliage 
is well started, the second at the time of the exposure of the young 
fruit by the falling of the calyx, and perhaps a third a week later, 
particularly if rains have intervened after the last treatment. The 
poison here acts to destroy the parent curculio instead of the young 
larvee, which, hatching from eggs placed beneath the skin of the fruit, 
are not affected by the poison on the outside. The adult curculio, 
however, as soon as it comes from its hibernation, feeds on the bloom 
and foliage, and later on the young fruit also, and is destroyed by the 
arsenical before its eggs are deposited. 
For leaf-feeding insects in general, such as the Colorado potato 
beetle, blister beetles, elm leaf-beetle, maple worm, etc., the application 
should be made at the earliest indication of injury and repeated as 
often as necessary. 
Fruit trees should never be sprayed when in bloom, on account of 
the liability of poisoning honeybees or other insects useful as cross 
fertilizers. 
CARE IN USE OF ARSENICALS. 
It must be remembered that these arsenicals are very poisonous and 
should be so labeled. Jf ordinary precautions are taken, there is no 
danger to man or team attending their application. ‘he wetting of 
any, which can not always be avoided, is not at all dangerous, on 
account of the great dilution of the mixture, and no ill effects what- 
ever have resulted from this source. With some individuals the 
arsenate of lead, when in strong mixture, affects the eyes, but this is 
unusual and, with a little care in spraying, the mist need not strike the 
operator at all. 
The poison disappears from the plants almost completely within 
twenty to twenty-five days, and even if the plants were consumed 
shortly after the application, an impossible quantity would have to be 
eaten to get a poisonous dose. To illustrate, in the case of the apple, 
if the entire fruit were eaten, core and all, it would take several bar- 
rels at a single sitting to make a poisonous dose (Riley), and with the 
