Se ae 
21 
hatch in the spring, when the nine-times diluted wash may be used 
with more certain results and without danger to plants. The winter 
treatment should be followed by a use of the spring wash to destroy 
any young which may come from female scales escaping the stronger 
mixture. 
Cautions in use of oil washes.—In the use of kerosene washes, and, in 
fact, of all oily washes on plants, the application should be just sufti- 
cient to wet the plant, without allowing the liquid to run down the 
trunk and collect about the crown. . Usually around the crown, in the 
case of young trees at least, there is a cavity formed by the swaying of 
the plants in the wind, and accumulation of the insecticide at this point, 
unless precautions be taken, may result in the death or injury of the 
plant. Under these conditions it may be advisable to mound up the 
trees before spraying and firmly pack the earth about the bases. Care 
should be taken in refilling the tank that no free oil is allowed to 
accumulate gradually in the residue left at the bottom, when spraying 
with emulsions or oil-water mixtures. 
THE RESIN WASH. 
This wash has proved of greatest value in California, particularly 
against the red scale (Asp7diotus wurantiz) and the black scale (Lecandum 
ole) on citrus plants, and the last named and the San Jose scale (Asp7- 
diotus perniciosus) on deciduous plants, and will be of use in all similar 
climates where the occurrence of comparatively rainless seasons insures 
the continuance of the wash on the trees for a considerable period, and 
where, owing to the warmth, the multiplication of the scale insects 
continues almost without interruption throughout the year. Where 
rains are liable to occur at short intervals, and in the Northern States, 
the quicker-acting and stronger kerosene washes and heavy soap appli- 
cations are preferable. The resin wash acts by contact, having a 
certain caustic effect, but principally by forming an impervious, smoth- 
ering coating over the scale insects. The application may be more 
liberal than with the kerosene washes, the object being to wet the bark 
thoroughly. 
The wash may be made as follows: 
IS@shitt. su 5a elk oy Spee sells AAA I et a Ce pounds.. 20 
Mrudciesusme sda (78 per cent)... 2.2.22 25-.-2222 22 does; So 
Brehie oul: 2p BOS CO ee E Ee ae Ee MEETS OE! pints.. 24 
WAV Giver Gras Tonval key ae Ee OC ee ae ee gallons.. 100 
Ordinary commercial resin is used, and the caustic soda is that put 
up for soap establishments, in large 200-pound drums. Smaller quan- 
tities may be obtained at soap factories, or the granulated caustic soda 
(98 per cent) used—3} pounds of the latter being the equivalent of 5 
pounds of the former. Place these substances, with the oil, in a kettle 
with water to cover them to a depth of 3 or 4 inches. Boil about two 
hours, making occasional additions of water, or until the compound 

